{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T12:41:14Z","timestamp":1766580074457,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04565\/2020","UIDP\/04565\/2020","LA\/P\/0140\/2020","PTDC\/EQU-EQU\/29653\/2017","PTDC\/EQU-EQU\/3853\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04565\/2020","UIDP\/04565\/2020","LA\/P\/0140\/2020","PTDC\/EQU-EQU\/29653\/2017","PTDC\/EQU-EQU\/3853\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"i4HB\u2014Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04565\/2020","UIDP\/04565\/2020","LA\/P\/0140\/2020","PTDC\/EQU-EQU\/29653\/2017","PTDC\/EQU-EQU\/3853\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04565\/2020","UIDP\/04565\/2020","LA\/P\/0140\/2020","PTDC\/EQU-EQU\/29653\/2017","PTDC\/EQU-EQU\/3853\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT projects \u201cCARDIOWHEEL\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04565\/2020","UIDP\/04565\/2020","LA\/P\/0140\/2020","PTDC\/EQU-EQU\/29653\/2017","PTDC\/EQU-EQU\/3853\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04565\/2020","UIDP\/04565\/2020","LA\/P\/0140\/2020","PTDC\/EQU-EQU\/29653\/2017","PTDC\/EQU-EQU\/3853\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"SMART","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04565\/2020","UIDP\/04565\/2020","LA\/P\/0140\/2020","PTDC\/EQU-EQU\/29653\/2017","PTDC\/EQU-EQU\/3853\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04565\/2020","UIDP\/04565\/2020","LA\/P\/0140\/2020","PTDC\/EQU-EQU\/29653\/2017","PTDC\/EQU-EQU\/3853\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, the oxygen transport and hydrodynamic flow of the PBS Vertical-Wheel MINI\u2122 0.1 bioreactor were characterized using experimental data and computational fluid dynamics simulations. Data acquired from spectroscopy-based oxygenation measurements was compared with data obtained from 3D simulations with a rigid-lid approximation and LES-WALE turbulence modeling, using the open-source software OpenFOAM-8. The mass transfer coefficients were determined for a range of stirring speeds between 10 and 100 rpm and for working volumes between 60 and 100 mL. Additionally, boundary condition, mesh refinement, and temperature variation studies were performed. Lastly, cell size, energy dissipation rate, and shear stress fields were calculated to determine optimal hydrodynamic conditions for culture. The experimental results demonstrate that the kL can be predicted using Sh=1.68Re0.551Sc13G1.18, with a mean absolute error of 2.08%. Using the simulations and a correction factor of 0.473, the expression can be correlated to provide equally valid results. To directly obtain them from simulations, a partial slip boundary condition can be tuned, ensuring better near-surface velocity profiles or, alternatively, by deeply refining the mesh. Temperature variation studies support the use of this correlation for temperatures up to 37 \u00b0C by using a Schmidt exponent of 1\/3. Finally, the flow was characterized as transitional with diverse mixing mechanisms that ensure homogeneity and suspension quality, and the results obtained are in agreement with previous studies that employed RANS models. Overall, this work provides new data regarding oxygen mass transfer and hydrodynamics in the Vertical-Wheel bioreactor, as well as new insights for air-water mass transfer modeling in systems with low interface deformation, and a computational model that can be used for further studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9080386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,14]],"date-time":"2022-08-14T21:09:06Z","timestamp":1660511346000},"page":"386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Characterization of the Aeration and Hydrodynamics in Vertical-Wheel\u2122 Bioreactors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3518-8408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro M.","family":"Neto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. 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Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Yas","family":"Hashimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PBS Biotech, Camarillo, CA 93012, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3183-5249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunghoon","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PBS Biotech, Camarillo, CA 93012, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7303-7926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Pedras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"iBB \u2014Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2946-1498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio N.","family":"Berberan-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"iBB \u2014Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. 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