{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T22:57:32Z","timestamp":1767913052786,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,9]],"date-time":"2022-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is widely accepted that exercise training has beneficial effects on vascular health. Although a dose-dependent relation has been suggested, little is known about the effects of different exercise durations on endothelial markers. This study aimed to assess the effect of single exercise sessions with different durations in the circulating levels of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and endothelial cells (CECs) among adults with cardiovascular risk factors. Ten participants performed two multicomponent exercise sessions, one week apart, lasting 30 and 45 min (main exercise phase). Before and after each exercise session, blood samples were collected to quantify EPCs and CECs by flow cytometry. The change in EPCs was significantly different between sessions by 3.0% (95% CI: 1.3 to 4.7), being increased by 1.8 \u00b1 1.7% (p = 0.009) in the 30 min session vs. \u22121.2 \u00b1 2.0% (p &gt; 0.05) in the 45 min session. No significant change was observed in CECs [\u22122.0%, 95%CI: (\u22124.1 to 0.2)] between the sessions. In conclusion, a multicomponent exercise session of 30 min promotes an acute increase in the circulating levels of EPCs without increasing endothelial damage (measured by the levels of CECs) among adults with cardiovascular risk factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11040572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,9]],"date-time":"2022-04-09T05:13:08Z","timestamp":1649481188000},"page":"572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Endothelial Progenitor Cell Response to Acute Multicomponent Exercise Sessions with Different Durations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Suiane","family":"Cavalcante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6364-0011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine\u2014iBiMED, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade Cuidados na Comunidade Cubo M\u00e1gico da Sa\u00fade, ACES Baixo Vouga, 3800-120 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade Cuidados na Comunidade Cubo M\u00e1gico da Sa\u00fade, ACES Baixo Vouga, 3800-120 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria I.","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade Cuidados na Comunidade Cubo M\u00e1gico da Sa\u00fade, ACES Baixo Vouga, 3800-120 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade Cuidados na Comunidade Cubo M\u00e1gico da Sa\u00fade, ACES Baixo Vouga, 3800-120 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C\u00e2mara Municipal de Oliveira do Bairro\u2014Projeto N\u00e3o Fique Parado, 3800-120 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6096-8705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilda P.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Center of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1470-4802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cristina","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR)\u2014Group of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology, University Clinic of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1829-4196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9094-1493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine\u2014iBiMED, School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2018.08.008","article-title":"Endothelial cell senescence in aging-related vascular dysfunction","volume":"1865","author":"Jia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01568","article-title":"Role of Endothelial Dysfunction in Cardiovascular Diseases: The Link Between Inflammation and Hydrogen Sulfide","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2015.30.9.1213","article-title":"Endothelial Dysfunction: Clinical Implications in Cardiovascular Disease and Therapeutic Approaches","volume":"30","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"2048004019843047","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction and heart failure: A review of the existing bibliography with emphasis on flow mediated dilation","volume":"8","author":"Giannitsi","year":"2019","journal-title":"JRSM Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5302.964","article-title":"Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis","volume":"275","author":"Asahara","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a006692","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a006692","article-title":"Human endothelial progenitor cells","volume":"2","author":"Yoder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.11.005","article-title":"Hypoxic exercise training improves cardiac\/muscular hemodynamics and is associated with modulated circulating progenitor cells in sedentary men","volume":"170","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2016.06.1210","article-title":"The Beneficial Effects of Cardiac Rehabilitation on the Function and Levels of Endothelial Progenitor Cells","volume":"26","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp020175","article-title":"Endothelial progenitor cells","volume":"348","author":"Rosenzweig","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v4.i12.312","article-title":"Circulating endothelial and progenitor cells: Evidence from acute and long-term exercise effects","volume":"4","author":"Koutroumpi","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0000000000000041","article-title":"Endothelial progenitor cells and vascular repair","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.2174\/1573403X14666180726112303","article-title":"Endothelial Regenerative Capacity and Aging: Influence of Diet, Exercise and Obesity","volume":"14","author":"Ross","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"e3342","article-title":"Endothelial Progenitor Cells and Cardiovascular Correlates","volume":"10","author":"Mudyanadzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8043792","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8043792","article-title":"Endothelial Progenitor Cells for Diagnosis and Prognosis in Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"2016","author":"Aragona","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000143073.60937.50","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction and damage in congestive heart failure: Relation of flow-mediated dilation to circulating endothelial cells, plasma indexes of endothelial damage, and brain natriuretic peptide","volume":"110","author":"Chong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-03-1106","article-title":"Circulating endothelial cells, von Willebrand factor, interleukin-6, and prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes","volume":"105","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/rth2.12158","article-title":"Circulating endothelial cells as biomarker for cardiovascular diseases","volume":"3","author":"Farinacci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Pract. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa605","article-title":"2020 ESC Guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease","volume":"42","author":"Pelliccia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2010). Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7628","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64365-x","article-title":"Different exercise training modalities produce similar endothelial function improvements in individuals with prehypertension or hypertension: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"10","author":"Pedralli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00088.2014","article-title":"Aerobic exercise and other healthy lifestyle factors that influence vascular aging","volume":"38","author":"LaRocca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Physiol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102955","article-title":"World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour","volume":"54","author":"Bull","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"S0188","article-title":"Reduced Levels of Circulating Endothelial Cells and Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction","volume":"22","author":"Lopes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004106","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.117.004106","article-title":"Progenitor Cells and Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure","volume":"10","author":"Hammadah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1159\/000351973","article-title":"Decreased circulating endothelial progenitor cell levels in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"126","author":"Chiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487315588391","article-title":"Chronic heart failure and aging\u2014Effects of exercise training on endothelial function and mechanisms of endothelial regeneration: Results from the Leipzig Exercise Intervention in Chronic heart failure and Aging (LEICA) study","volume":"23","author":"Sandri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-010-0105-4","article-title":"Exercise training improves function of circulating angiogenic cells in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"105","author":"Hoymans","year":"2010","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"100702","article-title":"The acute and long-term effects of a cardiac rehabilitation program on endothelial progenitor cells in chronic heart failure patients: Comparing two different exercise training protocols","volume":"32","author":"Kourek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol. Heart Vasc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2010.02127.x","article-title":"The effects of acute and chronic exercise on the vasculature","volume":"199","author":"Whyte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17880","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18156-6","article-title":"Effects of resistance exercise on endothelial progenitor cell mobilization in women","volume":"7","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000248","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2017-000248","article-title":"Interval exercise increases angiogenic cell function in postmenopausal women","volume":"3","author":"Harris","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000979","article-title":"Apoptosis of T-Cell Subsets after Acute High-Intensity Interval Exercise","volume":"48","author":"Alack","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjr.0000174823.87269.2e","article-title":"Running exercise of different duration and intensity: Effect on endothelial progenitor cells in healthy subjects","volume":"12","author":"Laufs","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A251","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-5996-7-S1-A251","article-title":"A single session of aerobic or resistance exercise modifies the endothelial progenitor cell levels in healthy subjects, but not in individuals with type 1 diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Schaan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"e283","article-title":"Progenitor cell mobilization after exercise is related to systemic levels of G-CSF and muscle damage","volume":"25","author":"Pilat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2019.10.006","article-title":"Exercise interventions for improving physical function, daily living activities and quality of life in community-dwelling frail older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geriatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01259-y","article-title":"Safety and Effectiveness of Long-Term Exercise Interventions in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"50","author":"Valenzuela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy339","article-title":"2018 ESC\/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension","volume":"39","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2012.08.007","article-title":"TransFix\u00ae for delayed flow cytometry of endothelial progenitor cells and angiogenic T cells","volume":"84","author":"Hoymans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-016-0413-6","article-title":"Metformin improves circulating endothelial cells and endothelial progenitor cells in type 1 diabetes: MERIT study","volume":"15","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-018-04065-7","article-title":"Circulating angiogenic cell response to sprint interval and continuous exercise","volume":"119","author":"Wardrop","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-015-0235-y","article-title":"The inflammation, vascular repair and injury responses to exercise in fit males with and without Type 1 diabetes: An observational study","volume":"14","author":"West","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00477.2019","article-title":"The effects of moderate and high-intensity exercise on circulating markers of endothelial integrity and activation in young, healthy men","volume":"127","author":"Sapp","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2951","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V93.9.2951.409k02_2951_2958","article-title":"Direct evidence of endothelial injury in acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina by demonstration of circulating endothelial cells","volume":"93","author":"Mutin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890701652833","article-title":"The effects of exercise stress testing on soluble E-selectin, von Willebrand factor, and circulating endothelial cells as indices of endothelial damage\/dysfunction","volume":"40","author":"Boos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00450.2013","article-title":"Effects of acute exercise on flow-mediated dilatation in healthy humans","volume":"115","author":"Dawson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01254.2013","article-title":"Activity of daily living is associated with circulating CD34+\/KDR+ cells and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor levels in patients after myocardial infarction","volume":"116","author":"Klocke","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-012-0517-2","article-title":"Acute and chronic effects of exercise on circulating endothelial progenitor cells in healthy and diseased patients","volume":"102","author":"Volaklis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181923957","article-title":"Brachial artery blood flow responses to different modalities of lower limb exercise","volume":"41","author":"Thijssen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.131508","article-title":"Retrograde flow and shear rate acutely impair endothelial function in humans","volume":"53","author":"Thijssen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2008.00639.x","article-title":"Circulating endothelial cells, microparticles and progenitors: Key players towards the definition of vascular competence","volume":"13","author":"Sabatier","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/11\/4\/572\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:51:00Z","timestamp":1760136660000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/11\/4\/572"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,9]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["biology11040572"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology11040572","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,9]]}}}