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(Spain)","award":["CLU-2018-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CLU-2018-04"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Research Program for Units of Excellence","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Research Program for Units of Excellence","award":["SFRH\/BD\/146614\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/146614\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Research Program for Units of Excellence","award":["CEECIND\/01001\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01001\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Research Program for Units of Excellence","award":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000042"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Research Program for Units of Excellence","award":["451-03-68\/2020-14\/200007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-68\/2020-14\/200007"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Research Program for Units of Excellence","award":["SA093P20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SA093P20"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Research Program for Units of Excellence","award":["CLU-2018-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CLU-2018-04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus var. altilis) blades were collected at sixteen sampling dates (B1\u2013B16) to study the influence of the phenological growth stage on the phenolic composition and biological properties. Twenty phenolic compounds were identified, among which trans 3,4-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, and luteolin-O-hexoside (39.6, 42.6, and 101.0 mg\/g extract, respectively) were the main compounds. Immature blades (B3) had a higher content of phenolic compounds (178 mg\/g extract) and a greater ability to inhibit the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (IC50 of 1.61 \u00b5g\/mL). Samples at more advanced growth stages revealed a greater capacity to inhibit oxidative hemolysis (B8, IC50 of 25 and 47.4 \u00b5g\/mL for \u0394t of 60 and 120 min, respectively) and higher cytotoxic (B8\u2013B13, GI50 between 7.1 and 17 \u00b5g\/mL), anti-inflammatory (B13, IC50 of 10 \u00b5g\/mL), and antibacterial activities. In turn, the antifungal activity varied depending on the tested fungi. All these results suggest that maturity influences the phenolic composition and bioactive properties of cardoon blades, which reveal great potential for the development of bioactive ingredients for food and pharmaceutical applications, among others.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11050699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T07:08:58Z","timestamp":1651475338000},"page":"699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Cytotoxic, and Antimicrobial Activities of Cardoon Blades at Different Growth Stages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6494-2326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipa","family":"Mandim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Polifenoles (GIP-USAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno s\/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0324-7960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spyridon A.","family":"Petropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, 38446 Volos, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7523-1637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Pinela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8744-7814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria In\u00eas","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8717-6495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Kostic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biological Research \u201cSini\u0161a Stankovi\u0107\u201d-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7381-756X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Sokovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biological Research \u201cSini\u0161a Stankovi\u0107\u201d-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4910-4882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel C. 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