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This study aimed to evaluate, for the first time, the effect of end-of-the-century projected levels of ocean warming (W; + 3 \u00b0C) and acidification (A; 980 \u00b5atm pCO2) on Sepia officinalis hatchlings\u2019 exploratory behavior and ability to camouflage in different substrate complexities (sand and black and white gravel). Cuttlefish were recorded in open field tests, from which mobility and exploratory avoidance behavior data were obtained. Latency to camouflage was registered remotely, and pixel intensity of body planes and background gravel were extracted from photographs. Hatching success was lowered under A and W combined (AW; 72.7%) compared to control conditions (C; 98.8%). Motion-related behaviors were not affected by the treatments. AW delayed camouflage response in the gravel substrate compared to W alone. Moreover, cuttlefish exhibited a higher contrast and consequently a stronger disruptive pattern under W, with no changes in background matching. These findings suggest that, although climate change may elicit relevant physiological challenges to cuttlefish, camouflage and mobility of these mollusks are not undermined under the ocean of tomorrow.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11101394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,25]],"date-time":"2022-09-25T21:14:28Z","timestamp":1664140468000},"page":"1394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Camouflage and Exploratory Avoidance of Newborn Cuttlefish under Warming and Acidification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4554-4453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e9lanie","family":"Court","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, Laborat\u00f3rio Mar\u00edtimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1729-7256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Ricardo","family":"Paula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, Laborat\u00f3rio Mar\u00edtimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5872-7910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Macau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, Laborat\u00f3rio Mar\u00edtimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0880-9360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eve","family":"Otjacques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, Laborat\u00f3rio Mar\u00edtimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal"},{"name":"Carnegie Institution for Science, Division of Biosphere Sciences and Engineering, Church Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. 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Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Vanessa Madeira","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, Laborat\u00f3rio Mar\u00edtimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2014.00063","article-title":"Global change and the future ocean: A grand challenge for marine sciences","volume":"1","author":"Duarte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Mar. 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