{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T13:53:40Z","timestamp":1776952420577,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundo Regional da Ci\u00eancia (Regional Government of the Azores)","award":["M3.1.a\/F\/004\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M3.1.a\/F\/004\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Fundo Regional da Ci\u00eancia (Regional Government of the Azores)","award":["UIDP\/00643\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00643\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2013Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["M3.1.a\/F\/004\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M3.1.a\/F\/004\/2018"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2013Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDP\/00643\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00643\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Iodine deficiency, the most common cause of preventable mental impairment worldwide, has been linked to poorer intellectual function in several studies. However, to our knowledge, no studies have been performed in moderate iodine-deficient schoolchildren using the complete form of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III; Portuguese version). The main purpose of this study was to ascertain whether moderate iodine deficiency would affect the cognitive function of schoolchildren (7\u201311 years old; 3rd and 4th grades). Raven\u2019s Colored Progressive Matrices (CPM; Portuguese version) were used for measuring the intelligence quotient (IQ) of the total population (n = 256; median UIC = 66.2 \u03bcg\/L), and the WISC-III was used to study two selected subgroups: one moderately iodine-deficient (n = 30) and the other with adequate iodine intake (n = 30). WISC-III was shown to be the prime instrument for cognitive function assessment among moderate iodine-deficient schoolchildren; this subgroup had a Full-Scale IQ 15.13 points lower than the adequate iodine intake subgroup, with a magnitude effect of d = 0.7 (p = 0.013). Significant differences were also registered in 6 of the 13 Verbal-Performance IQ subtests. Moderate iodine deficiency has a substantial impact on mental development and cognitive functioning of schoolchildren, with significant impairment in both Performance IQ and Verbal IQ spectrum, adversely impacting their educational performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11101507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,16]],"date-time":"2022-10-16T21:10:10Z","timestamp":1665954610000},"page":"1507","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Iodine Intake and Related Cognitive Function Impairments in Elementary Schoolchildren"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1072-0004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helga B.","family":"Bailote","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5013-7131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Linhares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IVAR, Institute of Volcanology and Risks Assessment, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"},{"name":"CINEICC, Cognitive and Behavioral Centre for Research and Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8653-1122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Prazeres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Pathology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Lisbon Francisco Gentil, E.P.E., 1099-023 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9851-5429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armindo S.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"},{"name":"IVAR, Institute of Volcanology and Risks Assessment, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4490-9905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"},{"name":"cE3c, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Azorean Biodiversity Group, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.149393","article-title":"Global Iodine Status in 2011 and Trends over the Past Decade","volume":"142","author":"Andersson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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