{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T15:03:18Z","timestamp":1769439798456,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Most studies on the effects of physical exercise have focused on its influence on muscle tissue, forgetting its interference in liver function. Ageing leads to the progressive impairment of hepatic functions. Several biochemical and bioenergetics parameters were determined to test the impact of a lifelong aerobic training program in the hepatic age-related and the development of an adaptative response. Liver samples were collected from 28 male Wistar rats (4-week-old, 159.4 \u00b1 11.9 g at the beginning of the protocol), randomly distributed into two groups: non-exercised or exercised and submitted to a treadmill exercise program (60 min\/day, 5 days\/week, at 70% of maximal running speed), for 24 (n = 9) or 54 weeks (n = 10). A maximal running speed test was performed to determine the training speed. Antioxidant enzyme activity, cellular redox status, oxidative stress, mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes and respiratory activity were performed in liver samples. Lifelong exercise decreased the age-associated decline in mitochondrial dysfunction, increasing the respiratory rate in state 2 (mitochondrial respiration stimulated by the substrate in the absence of added ADP) (p = 0.03) and citrate synthase enzymatic activity (p = 0.007). Complex II (p &lt; 0.0001) and IV (p &lt; 0.001) showed a decrease in enzymatic activity. Ageing-related oxidative stress was also attenuated by physical exercise, as showed by the increase in first-line defense antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (p = 0.07) and catalase (p = 0.03)), decreased lipid peroxidation levels (p = 0.864 for total fraction, p = 0,27 for mitochondrial fraction) and higher glutathione reduced\/oxidized ratio (p = 0.02). According to our results, the regular practice of exercise can prevent the liver\u2019s mitochondrial dysfunction and loss of antioxidant system efficacy that may arise from ageing, highlighting the benefit of lifelong aerobic exercise in preventing age-related hepatic impairment and associated diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11121750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T01:54:31Z","timestamp":1669859671000},"page":"1750","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Long-Term Aerobic Training Improves Mitochondrial and Antioxidant Function in the Liver of Wistar Rats Preventing Hepatic Age-Related Function Decline"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0775-4457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica Garcia","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica de Vila Real (CQVR), Chemistry Department, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica de Vila Real (CQVR), Chemistry Department, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9519-4044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o, Capacita\u00e7\u00e3o e Sustentabilidade da Produ\u00e7\u00e3o Agro-Alimentar (INOV4AGRO), Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Tecnologias Agroambientais e Biol\u00f3gicas (CITAB), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6872-4051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Labrat\u00f3rio Associado para a Qu\u00edmica Verde-Rede de Qu\u00edmica e Tecnologia (LAQV-REQUIMTE), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7459-9173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida","family":"Fardilha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Medical Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Moreira-Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Atividade F\u00edsica, Sa\u00fade e Lazer (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4756-5917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Alberto","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Atividade F\u00edsica, Sa\u00fade e Lazer (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5834-5253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Manuel","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica de Vila Real (CQVR), Chemistry Department, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9729-7477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Peixoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica de Vila Real (CQVR), Biology and Environment Department, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00285.2006","article-title":"Cardiac Mitochondrial Bioenergetics, Oxidative Stress, and Aging","volume":"292","author":"Judge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. 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