{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T06:44:53Z","timestamp":1764225893032,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mar 2020","award":["MAR-02.02.01-FEAMP-0019","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50017\/2020","LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAR-02.02.01-FEAMP-0019","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50017\/2020","LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"MAXIAQUA Project","award":["MAR-02.02.01-FEAMP-0019","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50017\/2020","LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAR-02.02.01-FEAMP-0019","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50017\/2020","LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds (OE)","award":["MAR-02.02.01-FEAMP-0019","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50017\/2020","LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAR-02.02.01-FEAMP-0019","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50017\/2020","LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["MAR-02.02.01-FEAMP-0019","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50017\/2020","LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAR-02.02.01-FEAMP-0019","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50017\/2020","LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Philasterides dicentrarchi is an histophagous parasite that infects flatfish, namely turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), and cause significant losses in aquaculture units. The available measures for P. dicentrarchi control have limited efficiency, and some cause harm to fish. Hence, sustainable and natural control strategies are urgently needed. This study evaluated the in vitro bioactivity of the ethanol extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces on P. dicentrarchi population growth rate (PGR), oxidative stress biomarkers (glutathione-S-transferases (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total glutathione (TG) and catalase (CAT), neurotoxicity (acetylcholinesterase, AChE), activity and gene expression of proteases as major virulence factors. H. sabdariffa extract inhibited parasite PGR (IC50 = 1.57 mg mL\u22121), and caused significant changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (LOEC = 0.22 mg mL\u22121), especially GPx, TG, and CAT. The activity of proteases was also severely inhibited (IC50 = 0.76 mg mL\u22121), and gene expression of catepsin 90 and leishmanolysin proteases was downregulated. Organic acids and phenolic phytochemicals in hibiscus extract are potentially responsible for the antiprotozoal bioactivity herein determined. Therefore, H. sabdariffa extract can be a promising disease-control alternative against the ciliate proliferation, cellular defense mechanisms and pathogenicity. Still, its applicability in aquaculture settings, and potential effects on farmed fish, should be further elucidated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12070912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T02:19:20Z","timestamp":1687832360000},"page":"912","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["In Vitro Antiprotozoal Activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa Extract against a Ciliate Causing High Mortalities in Turbot Aquaculture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0193-0133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Domingues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2861-8286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur M. S.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Qu\u00edmica Verde (LAQV)\u2014REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0879-9470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amadeu M. V. M.","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Catarina R.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3354\/dao062233","article-title":"Occurrence of scuticociliatosis in olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus by Phiasterides dicentrarchi (Ciliophora: Scuticociliatida)","volume":"62","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. 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