{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T06:23:34Z","timestamp":1775197414023,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]],"date-time":"2023-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["PRT\/BD\/151521\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRT\/BD\/151521\/2021"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/04129\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04129\/2020"]}]},{"name":"ARG1HEALTH 2022.04881.PTDC","award":["PRT\/BD\/151521\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRT\/BD\/151521\/2021"]}]},{"name":"ARG1HEALTH 2022.04881.PTDC","award":["UIDB\/04129\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04129\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Research Unit","award":["PRT\/BD\/151521\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRT\/BD\/151521\/2021"]}]},{"name":"LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Research Unit","award":["UIDB\/04129\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04129\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to investigate enterococci recovered from eight Portuguese cheeses made with raw ewe\u2019s milk, regarding antibiotic resistance, virulence genes, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of benzalkonium chloride (BAC), biofilm formation capacity, and biofilm eradication (MBEC) by BAC. Antimicrobial resistance against seven antibiotics of five groups was evaluated using the disk diffusion method. The presence of the genes that encode resistance to the antibiotics penicillin (blaZ), erythromycin (ermA, ermB, and ermC), vancomycin (vanA and vanB), aminoglycoside (aac(6\u2032)-Ie-aph(2\u2033)-Ia), and \u03b2-lactam (pbp5) and the genes that encode virulence factors, frsB, cylA, gelE, esp, and agg, were investigated via multiplex PCR. The susceptibility of planktonic cells to BAC was evaluated by the MIC and MBC values of the isolates, using the broth microdilution method. To assess the biofilm-forming ability and resistance of biofilms to BAC, biofilms were produced on stainless steel coupons, followed by exposure to BAC. The results showed a high resistance to the antibiotics vancomycin (87.5%), erythromycin (75%), tetracycline (50%), and penicillin (37.5%). Multidrug resistance was observed in 68.8% of the isolates. Genes encoding the virulence factors FrsB (frsB) and gelatinase E (gelE) were detected in all isolates. The esp and cylA genes were found in 56.3% and 37.5% of the isolates, respectively. All isolates exhibited a biofilm-forming ability, regardless of incubation time and temperature tested. However, after 72 h at 37 \u00b0C, E. faecium and E. faecalis biofilms showed significant differences (p \u2264 0.05). Although most isolates (62.5%) were susceptible to BAC (MIC \u2264 10 mg\/L), biofilms of the same isolates were, generally, resistant to the higher concentration of BAC (80 mg\/mL) tested. This study using Enterococcus isolates from a ready-to-eat food, such as cheese, reveals the high percentages of vancomycin resistance and multidrug resistance, associated with the presence of virulence genes, in isolates also capable of producing biofilms resistant to BAC, an important active ingredient of many disinfectants. These results emphasize the need for effective control measures to ensure the safety and quality of dairy products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12101353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]],"date-time":"2023-10-22T07:02:53Z","timestamp":1697958173000},"page":"1353","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Multidrug Resistance in Enterococci Isolated from Cheese and Capable of Producing Benzalkonium Chloride-Resistant Biofilms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0822-5549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ac\u00e1cio","family":"Salamandane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias de Sa\u00fade, Universidade L\u00fario, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Marrere, Nampula 4250, Mozambique"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2177-8669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gomes","family":"Cahango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CNIC\u2014Centro Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Cient\u00edfica, Avenida Ho Chi Min, Luanda 201, Angola"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5410-3609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Belo Afonso","family":"Muetanene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias, Universidade L\u00fario, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Unango, Sanga 3300, Mozambique"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7985-963X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Malfeito-Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8614-5184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.BAD-0014-2016","article-title":"Enterococci and Their Interactions with the Intestinal Microbiome","volume":"5","author":"Dubin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coelho, M.C., Malcata, F.X., and Silva, C.C.G. (2022). Lactic Acid Bacteria in Raw-Milk Cheeses: From Starter Cultures to Probiotic Functions. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11152276"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben Bra\u00efek, O., and Smaoui, S. (2019). Enterococci: Between Emerging Pathogens and Potential Probiotics. Biomed. Res. Int., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5938210"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berreta, A., Baumgardner, R.M., and Kopper, J.J. (2020). Evaluation of Commercial Veterinary Probiotics Containing Enterococci for Transferrable Vancomycin Resistance Genes. BMC Res. Notes, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-020-05114-1"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2018.08.035","article-title":"Novel Autochthonous Lactobacilli with Probiotic Aptitudes as a Main Starter Culture for Probiotic Fermented Milk","volume":"98","author":"Nami","year":"2018","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2016.1161232","article-title":"Probiotic Approach to Prevent Antibiotic Resistance","volume":"48","author":"Ouwehand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terzi\u0107-Vidojevi\u0107, A., Veljovi\u0107, K., Popovi\u0107, N., Tolina\u010dki, M., and Goli\u0107, N. (2021). Enterococci from Raw-Milk Cheeses: Current Knowledge on Safety, Technological, and Probiotic Concerns. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10112753"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao, Y., Zhen, W., Guo, F., Hu, Z., Zhang, K., Kong, L., Guo, Y., and Wang, Z. (2022). Pretreatment with Probiotics Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 11181 Attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium-Induced Gut Injury through Modulating Intestinal Microbiome and Immune Responses with Barrier Function in Broiler Chickens. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-022-00765-5"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10256","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46578-x","article-title":"Pretreatment with Probiotic Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 11181 Ameliorates Necrotic Enteritis-Induced Intestinal Barrier Injury in Broiler Chickens","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11870","article-title":"Beneficial Effects of Probiotic Cholesterol-Lowering Strain of Enterococcus faecium WEFA23 from Infants on Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Rats","volume":"100","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020734","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1020734","article-title":"Enterococcus faecium GEFA01 Alleviates Hypercholesterolemia by Promoting Reverse Cholesterol Transportation via Modulating the Gut Microbiota-SCFA Axis","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L., Xie, X., Li, Y., Wu, L., Fan, C., Liang, T., Xi, Y., Yang, S., Li, H., and Zhang, J. (2021). Evaluation of the Cholesterol-Lowering Mechanism of Enterococcus faecium Strain 132 and Lactobacillus paracasei Strain 201 in Hypercholesterolemia Rats. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061982"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4496","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02114-14","article-title":"New Insights into the Antimicrobial Effect of Mast Cells against Enterococcus faecalis","volume":"82","author":"Rohde","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Li, Y., Xue, M., Xiao, Z., Fan, Y., Zeng, L., and Zhou, Y. (2022). Effects of Dietary Enterococcus faecalis YFI-G720 on the Growth, Immunity, Serum Biochemical, Intestinal Morphology, Intestinal Microbiota, and Disease Resistance of Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus). Fishes, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes7010018"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Y., Dun, Y., Li, S., Zhang, D., Peng, N., Zhao, S., and Liang, Y. (2015). Dietary Enterococcus faecalis LAB31 Improves Growth Performance, Reduces Diarrhea, and Increases Fecal Lactobacillus Number of Weaned Piglets. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116635"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinkes, M.E., White, C., and Wong, C.S. (2019). Native-Valve Enterococcus hirae Endocarditis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. BMC Infect. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4532-z"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4366","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.7.4366-4372.2001","article-title":"Role of Enterococcus faecalis Surface Protein Esp in the Pathogenesis of Ascending Urinary Tract Infection","volume":"69","author":"Shankar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barnes, A.M.T., Frank, K.L., and Dunny, G.M. (2021). Enterococcal Endocarditis: Hiding in Plain Sight. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.722482"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiore, E., Van Tyne, D., and Gilmore, M.S. (2019). Pathogenicity of Enterococci. Microbiol. Spectr., 7.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0053-2018"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2010.815","article-title":"Enterophages, a Group of Phages Infecting Enterococcus faecalis, and Their Potential as Alternate Indicators of Human Faecal Contamination","volume":"61","author":"Bonilla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.07.155","article-title":"Fecal Pollution Source Tracking Toolbox for Identification, Evaluation and Characterization of Fecal Contamination in Receiving Urban Surface Waters and Groundwater","volume":"538","author":"Tran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2012.100","article-title":"Evaluation of Enterococcus-Infecting Phages as Indices of Fecal Pollution","volume":"11","author":"Marcos","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2012.03.009","article-title":"Prevalence and Characterization of Antibiotic Resistant Enterococcus faecalis in French Cheeses","volume":"31","author":"Jamet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2021.105287","article-title":"Biodiversity, Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Traits of Enterococcus Species in Artisanal Dairy Products","volume":"129","author":"Hanifian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Dairy. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.6.2367-2368.2001","article-title":"Improved Primer Design for Multiplex PCR Analysis of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus spp.","volume":"39","author":"Elsayed","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.12.032","article-title":"Virulence Traits and Antibiotic Resistance among Enterococci Isolated from Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra)","volume":"163","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822013005000045","article-title":"Biofilm Formation on Polystyrene under Different Temperatures by Antibiotic Resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Isolated from Food","volume":"44","author":"Marinho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5733","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05901-0","article-title":"Biofilm Formation in Enterococci: Genotype-Phenotype Correlations and Inhibition by Vancomycin","volume":"7","author":"Hashem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.05.041","article-title":"Cheese Rind Communities Provide Tractable Systems for In Situ and In Vitro Studies of Microbial Diversity","volume":"158","author":"Wolfe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.4.1628-1635.2001","article-title":"Molecular Screening of Enterococcus Virulence Determinants and Potential for Genetic Exchange between Food and Medical Isolates","volume":"67","author":"Eaton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Env. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1078\/072320203322337263","article-title":"Virulence Factors in Food, Clinical and Reference Enterococci: A Common Trait in the Genus?","volume":"26","author":"Semedo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fyaa030","DOI":"10.1093\/fqsafe\/fyaa030","article-title":"Microbiological Assessment of Street Foods at the Point of Sale in Maputo (Mozambique)","volume":"5","author":"Salamandane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Qual. Saf."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2017). Microbiology of the Food Chain\u2014Preparation of Test Samples, Initial Suspension and Decimal Dilutions for Microbiological Examination\u2014Part 1: General Rules for the Preparation of the Initial Suspension and Decimal Dilutions. Standard No. ISO 6887-1."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.112622","article-title":"Enterococcus spp. from Azeit\u00e3o and Nisa PDO-Cheeses: Surveillance for Antimicrobial Drug Resistance","volume":"154","author":"Rocha","year":"2022","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1080\/03601234.2022.2078627","article-title":"A High Level of Antibiotic Resistance in Klebsiella and Aeromonas Isolates from Street Water Sold in Mozambique, Associated with the Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum and AmpC \u00df-Lactamases","volume":"57","author":"Salamandane","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part. B"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"CLSI (2021). M100 Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, CLSI."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620-021-00201-6","article-title":"Resistance and Virulence Distribution in Enterococci Isolated from Broilers Reared in Two Farming Systems","volume":"74","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ir. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3390\/applmicrobiol2020028","article-title":"Enterotoxin- and Antibiotic-Resistance-Encoding Genes Are Present in Both Coagulase-Positive and Coagulase-Negative Foodborne Staphylococcus Strains","volume":"2","author":"Salamandane","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrissey, I., Oggioni, M.R., Knight, D., Curiao, T., Coque, T., Kalkanci, A., Martinez, J.L., Baldassarri, L., Orefici, G., and Yeti\u015f, \u00dc. (2014). Evaluation of Epidemiological Cut-off Values Indicates That Biocide Resistant Subpopulations Are Uncommon in Natural Isolates of Clinically-Relevant Microorganisms. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086669"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2016.2154","article-title":"Biofilm Formation and Disinfectant Susceptibility of Persistent and Non-Persistent Listeria Monocytogenes Isolates from Gorgonzola Cheese Processing Plants","volume":"13","author":"Costa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salamandane, A., Correia, J., Muetanene, B.A., dos Santos, M., Malfeito-Ferreira, M., and Brito, L. (2023). Methicillin Resistance of Food-Borne Biofilm-Forming Staphylococci. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13137725"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-Resistant, Extensively Drug-Resistant and Pandrug-Resistant Bacteria: An International Expert Proposal for Interim Standard Definitions for Acquired Resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3390\/applmicrobiol2010008","article-title":"Characterization of Escherichia Coli from Water and Food Sold on the Streets of Maputo: Molecular Typing, Virulence Genes, and Antibiotic Resistance","volume":"2","author":"Salamandane","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2010.08.004","article-title":"Horizontal Gene Transfer and the Genomics of Enterococcal Antibiotic Resistance","volume":"13","author":"Palmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00fdrostkov\u00e1, J., Regecov\u00e1, I., Dudrikov\u00e1, E., Marcin\u010d\u00e1k, S., Vargov\u00e1, M., Kov\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1, M., and Mal\u2019ov\u00e1, J. (2021). Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterococcus sp. Isolated from Sheep and Goat Cheeses. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10081844"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.4.686","article-title":"Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci","volume":"13","author":"Cetinkaya","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Werner, G. (2012). Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria\u2014A Continuous Challenge in the New Millennium, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, Y., Yu, H., and Wang, Z. (2019). Distribution of Acquired Antibiotic Resistance Genes among Enterococcus spp. Isolated from a Hospital in Baotou, China. BMC Res. Notes, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4064-z"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2006.01486.x","article-title":"Prevalence of Erm Genes Encoding Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin (MLS) Resistance among Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus Aureus in a Turkish University Hospital","volume":"12","author":"Saribas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiruthiga, A., Padmavathy, K., Shabana, P., Naveenkumar, V., Gnanadesikan, S., and Malaiyan, J. (2020). Improved Detection of esp, hyl, asa1, gelE, cylA Virulence Genes among Clinical Isolates of Enterococci. BMC Res. Notes, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-020-05018-0"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S305167","article-title":"Phenotype\u2013Genotype Correlations and Distribution of Key Virulence Factors in Enterococcus faecalis Isolated from Patients with Urinary Tract Infections","volume":"14","author":"Hashem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gajewska, J., Chaj\u0119cka-Wierzchowska, W., Byczkowska-Rostkowska, Z., and Saki, M. (2023). Biofilm Formation Capacity and Presence of Virulence Determinants among Enterococcus Species from Milk and Raw Milk Cheeses. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13020495"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grudlewska-Buda, K., Skowron, K., Bauza-Kaszewska, J., Budzy\u0144ska, A., Wiktorczyk-Kapischke, N., Wilk, M., Wujak, M., and Paluszak, Z. (2023). Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance and Biofilm Formation of Enterococcus Species Isolated from Different Pig Farm Environments in Poland. BMC Microbiol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-02834-9"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonneville, L., Ortiz, S., Maia, V., Brito, L., and Mart\u00ednez-Su\u00e1rez, J.V. (2020). Strain and Growth Conditions May Regulate Resistance of Listeria Monocytogenes Biofilms to Benzalkonium Chloride. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10030988"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mogana, R., Adhikari, A., Tzar, M.N., Ramliza, R., and Wiart, C. (2020). Antibacterial Activities of the Extracts, Fractions and Isolated Compounds from Canarium Patentinervium Miq. against Bacterial Clinical Isolates. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-2837-5"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.05.008","article-title":"The Benzalkonium Chloride Resistant or Sensitive Phenotype of Listeria Monocytogenes Planktonic Cells Did Not Dictate the Susceptibility of Its Biofilm Counterparts","volume":"123","author":"Barroso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins5050895","article-title":"Structure, Function, and Biology of the Enterococcus faecalis Cytolysin","volume":"5","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxins"}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/12\/10\/1353\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:09:49Z","timestamp":1760130589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/12\/10\/1353"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["biology12101353"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology12101353","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]]}}}