{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T03:17:38Z","timestamp":1768619858423,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["2021.04867.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.04867.BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["2020.00290.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.00290.CEECIND"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["2022.03304.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.03304.CEECIND"]}]},{"name":"FCT, Portugal","award":["2021.04867.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.04867.BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT, Portugal","award":["2020.00290.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.00290.CEECIND"]}]},{"name":"FCT, Portugal","award":["2022.03304.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.03304.CEECIND"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Viral outbreaks have caused significant mortality and economic losses in aquaculture, highlighting the urgent need for effective therapies and a deeper understanding of antiviral and immune mechanisms in key species. This study investigates the constitutive and virus-induced antiviral responses in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following infection with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV). Trout (30 g) were infected by immersion with VHSV (TCID50 = 105 mL\u22121) for two hours. Samples were collected at 24, 72, and 120 h post-infection to assess hematology, innate immunity, viral load, and transcriptomic response. At 24 h post-infection, no immune response or increase in viral load was detected, suggesting the host had not yet recognized the virus and was still in the incubation phase. By 72 h, viral replication peaked, with high viral loads observed in mucosal tissues (skin and gills) and immune organs (kidney, spleen, liver), alongside strong up-regulation of antiviral genes, such as viperin. This gene maintained high expression through the final sampling point, indicating its key role in the antiviral response. At this stage, reduced immune competence was observed, marked by elevated nitric oxide and circulating thrombocytes. At 120 h, modest increases in peripheral monocyte, plasma lysozyme, and peroxidase activity were detected; however, these responses were insufficient to reduce viral load, suggesting the resolution phase had not yet begun. In summary, while a limited immune response was observed by the end of the trial, the consistent antiviral activity of viperin from peak infection to 120 h post-infection underscores its importance in the defence against VHSV in rainbow trout.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14081003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T14:23:19Z","timestamp":1754403799000},"page":"1003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Unraveling the Systemic and Local Immune Response of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to the Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemic Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6064-0227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Vaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7ao Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5019-9439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gon\u00e7alo Espregueira","family":"Themudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7ao Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Felipe Bolgenhagen","family":"Sch\u00f6ninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7ao Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9309-2650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7ao Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0860-2976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Tafalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fish Immunology and Pathology Group, Biotechnology Department, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Carretera de La Coru\u00f1a km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"D\u00edaz-Rosales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fish Immunology and Pathology Group, Biotechnology Department, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Carretera de La Coru\u00f1a km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Louren\u00e7o","family":"Ramos-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7ao Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3758-0849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjam\u00edn","family":"Costas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7ao Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7718-5021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7ao Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. 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