{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:36:15Z","timestamp":1760060175925,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Funds from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UI\/00772","UID\/EEA\/04436\/201","LA\/P\/0059\/2020","UIDB\/04033\/2023","LA\/P\/0126\/2020","202248\/2015-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/00772","UID\/EEA\/04436\/201","LA\/P\/0059\/2020","UIDB\/04033\/2023","LA\/P\/0126\/2020","202248\/2015-1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Centre for Animal Sciences and Veterinary Studies","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UI\/00772","UID\/EEA\/04436\/201","LA\/P\/0059\/2020","UIDB\/04033\/2023","LA\/P\/0126\/2020","202248\/2015-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/00772","UID\/EEA\/04436\/201","LA\/P\/0059\/2020","UIDB\/04033\/2023","LA\/P\/0126\/2020","202248\/2015-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UI\/00772","UID\/EEA\/04436\/201","LA\/P\/0059\/2020","UIDB\/04033\/2023","LA\/P\/0126\/2020","202248\/2015-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/00772","UID\/EEA\/04436\/201","LA\/P\/0059\/2020","UIDB\/04033\/2023","LA\/P\/0126\/2020","202248\/2015-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq), Brazil","award":["UI\/00772","UID\/EEA\/04436\/201","LA\/P\/0059\/2020","UIDB\/04033\/2023","LA\/P\/0126\/2020","202248\/2015-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/00772","UID\/EEA\/04436\/201","LA\/P\/0059\/2020","UIDB\/04033\/2023","LA\/P\/0126\/2020","202248\/2015-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sheep have been widely used as a model for osteoporosis research. This study aimed to characterise changes in microstructure and composition in lumbar vertebrae L1\u2013L7 and the proximal femur after implementation of a bone loss induction protocol (in this species). A sham control and experimental group (glucocorticoid-treated ovariectomized sheep) were used (n = 6\/group), with a study duration up to the 24th postoperative week. Through micro-computed tomography, vertebrae and femoral head trabecular bones from the experimental group presented a consistent decrease in bone volume fraction (BV\/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), and trabecular number (Tb.N) and an increase in trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) and total porosity (p &gt; 0.05). The mineral density of the femoral heads from the experimental group showed a statistically significant decrease (p \u02c2 0.05). The entire histomorphometric analysis of the vertebrae in the experimental group showed an increase in cortical porosity (Ct.Po) and a decrease in cortical thickness (Ct.Th) (p \u02c2 0.0001 and p \u02c2 0.001, respectively). Vertebrae L6 and L7 were the most affected, showing a significant increase in Ct.Po (p &lt; 0.05) and a significant decrease in Ct.Th at the L6 level (p &lt; 0.05). Regarding the trabecular bone at the vertebral level, only L4 showed a significant increase in Tb.Sp (p \u02c2 0.05). In the femoral heads\u2019 subchondral cortical layer, the Ct.Po increased significantly and Ct.Th decreased (p &lt; 0.01), and at the trabecular level, the BV\/TV, Tb.Th, and Tb.N decreased significantly, while Tb.Sp increased (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, the L4, L6 and L7 vertebrae seem the most suitable for further preclinical and translational studies of vertebral augmentation or spinal fusion in this animal model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14081031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T14:32:36Z","timestamp":1754922756000},"page":"1031","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of Lumbar Vertebrae L1\u2013L7 and Proximal Femur Microstructure in Sheep as a Large Animal Model for Osteoporosis Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3734-2798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Camassa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7973-7544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera V.","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, AvePark, Rua Ave 1, Edificio 1 (Sede), Barco, 4805-694 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4347-599X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro S.","family":"Babo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, AvePark, Rua Ave 1, Edificio 1 (Sede), Barco, 4805-694 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3168-0315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1bio A. M.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agroenvironmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5067-4183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 J. L.","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agroenvironmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5564-751X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aureliano","family":"Fertuzinhos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Micro Electro Mechanics Systems (CMEMS), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2383-5206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge T.","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), AL4AnimalS, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4295-6129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui L.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, AvePark, Rua Ave 1, Edificio 1 (Sede), Barco, 4805-694 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2036-6291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela E.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, AvePark, Rua Ave 1, Edificio 1 (Sede), Barco, 4805-694 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9566-3100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Martins-Bessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), AL4AnimalS, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8796-5037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Viegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, AvePark, Rua Ave 1, Edificio 1 (Sede), Barco, 4805-694 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), AL4AnimalS, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Vasco da Gama Research Center (CIVG), University School Vasco da Gama (EUVG), Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Av. 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Sousa Fernandes, Lordem\u00e3o, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7595-0367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00edlvio H.","family":"de Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA), Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0756-6854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Dourado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Micro Electro Mechanics Systems (CMEMS), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5049-4473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel R.","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, AvePark, Rua Ave 1, Edificio 1 (Sede), Barco, 4805-694 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agroenvironmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), AL4AnimalS, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Goldman, M.B., Troise, R., and Rexrode, K.M. 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