{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T13:55:27Z","timestamp":1764597327903,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia I.P.","award":["UID\/50017\/2025","LA\/P\/0094\/2020","2020.05872.BD","2023.06755.CEECIND\/CP2840\/CT0026","CEECIND\/01373\/2018\/CP1559\/CT0010","CEECIND\/00093\/2018\/CP1560\/CT0002","2022.00500.CEECIND\/CP1720\/CT0048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50017\/2025","LA\/P\/0094\/2020","2020.05872.BD","2023.06755.CEECIND\/CP2840\/CT0026","CEECIND\/01373\/2018\/CP1559\/CT0010","CEECIND\/00093\/2018\/CP1560\/CT0002","2022.00500.CEECIND\/CP1720\/CT0048"]}]},{"name":"R&D unit MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute"},{"name":"National Funds","award":["2023.11316.PEX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.11316.PEX"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plant growth-promoting bacteria can help plants survive in stressful environments. Here, we describe the isolation of root-surface and endophytic bacteria from maize roots at two different phases of the plant life cycle (vegetative and reproductive), grown under three different water regimes (100%, 50%, and 0%). Isolates were typed using BOX-PCR to identify unique genetic fingerprints, resulting in a total of 400 strains. These strains were screened for osmotic stress tolerance using 15% polyethylene glycol 6000. Isolates were also tested for bacterial plant growth-promoting traits, including the ability to produce siderophores, indole-3-acetic acid synthesis, and phosphate solubilization, both in the presence and absence of osmotic stress. The results showed that in the reproductive phase, a higher percentage of endophytic and rhizoplane bacteria were tolerant to osmotic stress. Additionally, the highest values of alginate and siderophore production by rhizoplane bacteria were also observed in the reproductive phase. These findings suggest that isolation of maize bacteria should consider the plant\u2019s developmental phase and hydric stress conditions to effectively select bacterial strains that enhance crop resilience in drought-affected areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14121694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T13:03:02Z","timestamp":1764594182000},"page":"1694","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Influence of Plant Developmental Phase and Irrigation Level on Cultivable Microbiome of Maize Root"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Carina","family":"S\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Clarisse","family":"Br\u00edgido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Largo dos Colegiais 2, 7004-516 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Santar\u00e9m Polytechnic University, School of Agriculture, Quinta do Galinheiro, S. Pedro, 2001-904 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7064-4966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Fidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4406-1847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ad\u00edlia","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0117-2958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6763-2665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Etelvina","family":"Figueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1234-5861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Core Writing Team, Lee, H., and Romero, J. 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