{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T22:15:19Z","timestamp":1768860919330,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["949880"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["949880"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia I.P.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020.03278.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.03278.CEECIND"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia I.P.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/01434\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01434\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia I.P.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/50017\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50017\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia I.P.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CITAQUA"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Some Sacoglossa sea slugs are capable of stealing and maintaining functional intracellular chloroplasts\u2014kleptoplasts\u2014from their macroalgal prey for periods of up to several months, a process known as kleptoplasty. Although the cultivation of these marine invertebrates under laboratory conditions is crucial for research in various fields (e.g., endosymbiosis, animal physiology, discovery of new marine natural products), rearing protocols are scarce. This study presents a standardized protocol for the laboratory rearing of large numbers of the sacoglossan tropical sea slug Elysia crispata. The detailed protocol successfully facilitated embryonic development, larval metamorphosis, and juvenile-to-adult transition, allowing the rearing of multiple generations. Two groups, characterized by acquiring different kleptoplasts, were obtained by feeding the sea slugs with two different prey macroalgae: Bryopsis sp. and Acetabularia acetabulum. Usually referred to as lettuce sea slug among marine aquarium hobbyists, E. crispata is a highly valued organism for its striking appearance and ability to control nuisance algal growth in reef aquariums. This protocol allows experimental reproducibility and access to specimens under different development stages, potentially boosting research on kleptoplasty while also contributing to reducing the impact of the marine aquarium trade on natural populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15020168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T08:23:56Z","timestamp":1768811036000},"page":"168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Laboratory Rearing of the Photosynthetic Sea Slug Elysia crispata (Gastropoda, Sacoglossa): Implications for the Study of Kleptoplasty and Species Conservation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5088-843X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Cartaxana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources (ECOMARE), Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9454-2278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources (ECOMARE), Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5213-0905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vesa","family":"Havurinne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources (ECOMARE), Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria I.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources (ECOMARE), Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1670-9335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Calado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources (ECOMARE), Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4775-8161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources (ECOMARE), Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Beauties and beasts: A portrait of sea slugs aquaculture","volume":"408\u2013409","author":"Rosa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2010.11.028","article-title":"Aplysia","volume":"21","author":"Moroz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1159\/000157356","article-title":"Comparative study of TPep-like immunoreactive neurons in the central nervous system of nudibranch molluscs","volume":"72","author":"Baltzley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Evol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leal, M.C., Puga, J., Ser\u00f4dio, J., Gomes, N.C.M., and Calado, R. (2012). Trends in the discovery of new marine natural products from invertebrates over the last two decades\u2014Where and what are we bioprospecting?. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030580"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.123.1.29","article-title":"Solar-powered sea slugs. Mollusc\/algal chloroplast symbiosis","volume":"123","author":"Rumpho","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cruz, S., and Cartaxana, P. (2022). Kleptoplasty: Getting away with stolen chloroplasts. PLoS Biol., 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001857"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.06.003","article-title":"A host organelle integrates stolen chloroplasts for animal photosynthesis","volume":"188","author":"Allard","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calado, R., Olivotto, I., Oliver, M.P., and Holt, G.J. (2017). The need for cultured specimens. Marine Ornamental Species Aquaculture, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119169147"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.4148.1.1","article-title":"Molecular and morphological systematics of Elysia Risso, 1818 (Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa) from the Caribbean region","volume":"4148","author":"Krug","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.11646\/mr.26.1.4","article-title":"A morphological and molecular comparison between Elysia crispata and a new species of kleptoplastic sacoglossan sea slug (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia) from the Florida Keys, USA","volume":"26","author":"Pierce","year":"2006","journal-title":"Molluscan Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1060","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.1098","article-title":"Bacterial diversity associated with the \u201cclarki\u201d ecotype of Elysia crispata M\u00f6rch","volume":"9","author":"Mahadevan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiologyopen"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jkad234","DOI":"10.1093\/g3journal\/jkad234","article-title":"A reference genome for the long-term kleptoplast-retaining sea slug Elysia crispata morphotype clarki","volume":"13","author":"Eastman","year":"2023","journal-title":"G3"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.16.110185.002011","article-title":"Feeding and nonfeeding larval development and life-history evolution in marine invertebrates","volume":"16","author":"Strathmann","year":"1985","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4013","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2021.1895147","article-title":"Reassignment of crispatene, isolation and chemical characterization of stachydrine, isolated from the marine mollusk Elysia crispata","volume":"36","author":"Arrieche","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-014-2431-9","article-title":"Atypical plant\u2013herbivore association of algal food and a kleptoplastic sea slug (Elysia clarki) revealed by DNA barcoding and field surveys","volume":"161","author":"Middlebrooks","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1086\/701732","article-title":"Algal sources of sequestered chloroplasts in the sacoglossan sea slug Elysia crispata vary by location and ecotype","volume":"236","author":"Middlebrooks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vital, X.G., Rey, F., Cartaxana, P., Cruz, S., Domingues, M.R., Calado, R., and Sim\u00f5es, N. (2021). Pigment and fatty acid heterogeneity in the sea slug Elysia crispata is not shaped by habitat depth. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113157"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-006-0398-x","article-title":"Newly metamorphosed Elysia clarki juveniles feed on and sequester chloroplasts from algal species different from those utilized by adult slugs","volume":"150","author":"Curtis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s13127-014-0189-z","article-title":"Phylogenetic evidence for multiple independent origins of functional kleptoplasty in Sacoglossa (Heterobranchia, Gastropoda)","volume":"15","author":"Christa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Org. Divers. Evol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s13199-023-00895-y","article-title":"A methodological note on using next generation sequencing technology to identify the algal sources of stolen chloroplasts in a single sea slug specimen (Elysia crispata) to provide a comprehensive view of the animal\u2019s kleptoplast population","volume":"89","author":"Curtis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Symbiosis"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230810","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.230810","article-title":"Prey species and abundance affect growth and photosynthetic performance of the polyphagous sea slug Elysia crispata","volume":"10","author":"Cartaxana","year":"2023","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-3646.1992.00407.x","article-title":"Axenic cultures of Acetabularia (Chlorophyta): A decontamination protocol with potential application to other algae","volume":"28","author":"Hunt","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-08305-3","article-title":"Loss of state transitions in Bryopsidales macroalgae and kleptoplastic sea slugs (Gastropoda, Sacoglossa)","volume":"8","author":"Havurinne","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","article-title":"Fiji: An open-source platform for biological-image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schindelin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1086\/BBLv223n3p328","article-title":"Anesthetizing solar-powered sea slugs for photobiological studies","volume":"223","author":"Cruz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1086\/BBLv216n3p355","article-title":"Not My \u2018Type\u2019: Larval dispersal dimorphisms and bet-hedging in opisthobranch life histories","volume":"216","author":"Krug","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14273","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.14273","article-title":"Photoprotective mechanisms in Elysia species hosting Acetabularia chloroplasts shed light on host-donor compatibility in photosynthetic sea slugs","volume":"176","author":"Morelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physiol Plant."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-023-04350-w","article-title":"Crawl away from the light! Assessing behavioral and physiological photoprotective mechanisms in tropical solar-powered sea slugs exposed to natural light intensities","volume":"171","author":"Senna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-023-04301-5","article-title":"Photosynthetic animals and where to find them: Abundance and size of a solar-powered sea slug in different light conditions","volume":"170","author":"Vital","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes, D., Cunha, E., Conde, T., Moreira, A., Cruz, S., Domingues, P., Oliveira, M., and Cartaxana, P. (2024). Antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the mucus of the tropical sea slug Elysia crispata. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29194593"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giossi, C.E., Cruz, S., Rey, F., Marques, R., Melo, T., Domingues, M.R., and Cartaxana, P. (2021). Light induced changes in pigment and lipid profiles of Bryopsidales algae. Front. Mar. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2021.745083"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1111\/jpy.13367","article-title":"Revealing the polar lipidome, pigment profiles, and antioxidant activity of the giant unicellular green alga, Acetabularia acetabulum","volume":"59","author":"Rey","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmitt, V., H\u00e4ndeler, K., Gunkel, S., Escande, M.L., Menzel, D., Gould, S.B., Martin, W.F., and W\u00e4gele, H. (2014). Chloroplast incorporation and long-term photosynthetic performance through the life cycle in laboratory cultures of Elysia timida (Sacoglossa, Heterobranchia). Front. Zool., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-9994-11-5"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20211779","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2021.1779","article-title":"Photosynthesis from stolen chloroplasts can support sea slug reproductive fitness","volume":"288","author":"Cartaxana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20142519","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.2519","article-title":"Comparison of sister species identifies factors underpinning plastid compatibility in green sea slugs","volume":"282","author":"Woehle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315400003155","article-title":"The missing links: Larval and post-larval development of the ascoglossan opisthobranch Elysia viridis","volume":"80","author":"Trowbridge","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s13199-012-0192-0","article-title":"Laboratory culturing of Elysia chlorotica reveals a shift from transient to permanent kleptoplasty","volume":"58","author":"Pelletreau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Symbiosis"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9615(2001)071[0219:HPCIMS]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Host-plant change in marine specialist herbivores: Ascoglossan sea slugs on introduced macroalgae","volume":"71","author":"Trowbridge","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-023-04225-0","article-title":"Shedding light on starvation in darkness in the plastid-bearing sea slug Elysia viridis (Montagu, 1804)","volume":"170","author":"Frankenbach","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jeb246331","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.246331","article-title":"Critical thermal maxima and oxygen uptake in Elysia viridis, a sea slug that steals chloroplasts to photosynthesize","volume":"227","author":"Laetz","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12333","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.22.12333","article-title":"Chloroplast genes are expressed during intracellular symbiotic association of Vaucheria litorea plastids with the sea slug Elysia chlorotica","volume":"93","author":"Mujer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17867","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804968105","article-title":"Horizontal gene transfer of the algal nuclear gene psbO to the photosynthetic sea slug Elysia chlorotica","volume":"105","author":"Rumpho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1086\/691071","article-title":"A preliminary molecular and phylogenetic analysis of the genome of a novel endogenous retrovirus in the sea slug Elysia chlorotica","volume":"231","author":"Pierce","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4003\/006.042.0104","article-title":"The unexpected presence of Elysia chlorotica (Gould, 1870) in Tampa Bay, Florida, U.S.A. with notes on seasonal population decline","volume":"42","author":"Ambrosio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. Malacol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e4nner, L., Schell, T., Spies, J., Gali\u00e0-Camps, C., Baranski, D., Hamadou, A.B., Gerheim, C., Neveling, K., Helfrich, E.J.N., and Greve, C. (2024). Chromosome-level genome assembly of the sacoglossan sea slug Elysia timida (Risso, 1818). BMC Genom., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-024-10829-7"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e57389","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.57389","article-title":"Photosynthetic sea slugs induce protective changes to the light reactions of the chloroplasts they steal from algae","volume":"9","author":"Havurinne","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60176","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.60176","article-title":"Chloroplast acquisition without the gene transfer in kleptoplastic sea slugs, Plakobranchus ocellatus","volume":"10","author":"Maeda","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2000.0565","article-title":"Whorl morphogenesis in the dasycladalean algae: The pattern formation viewpoint","volume":"355","author":"Dumais","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadh4942","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adh4942","article-title":"Can the global marine aquarium trade (MAT) be a model for sustainable coral reef fisheries?","volume":"9","author":"Watson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biondo, M.V., Burki, R.P., Aguayo, F., and Calado, R. (2024). An updated review of the marine ornamental fish trade in the European Union. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.03.17.585413"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calado, R., Olivotto, I., Oliver, M.P., and Holt, G.J. (2017). The marine ornamental species trade. Marine Ornamental Species Aquaculture, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119169147"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-7345.2011.00453.x","article-title":"Advances in breeding and rearing marine ornamentals","volume":"42","author":"Olivotto","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. World Aquac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calado, R., Olivotto, I., Oliver, M.P., and Holt, G.J. (2017). Marine ornamental invertebrates aquaculture. Marine Ornamental Species Aquaculture, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119169147"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Calfo, A.R., and Fenner, R. (2003). Reef Invertebrates: An Essential Guide to Selection, Care and Compatibility, Reading Trees."}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/15\/2\/168\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T08:49:42Z","timestamp":1768812582000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/15\/2\/168"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["biology15020168"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology15020168","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]]}}}