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These systems employ natural antimicrobials, bacteriocins, essential oils, and metal nanoparticles to disrupt cell membranes, inhibit enzymatic pathways, generate reactive oxygen species, or interfere with quorum sensing, resulting in substantial reductions in microorganisms such as Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., E. coli O157:H7, Pseudomonas spp., Brochothrix thermosphacta, and spoilage fungi. In real food environments, these interventions achieve multi-log reductions and attenuate microbial metabolism, though efficacy varies with pH, water activity, fat content, and storage temperature. Oxygen scavengers further reshape microbial ecology by suppressing aerobic spoilage organisms while inadvertently favoring anaerobic competitors. Despite promising outcomes, concerns regarding nanoparticle migration, microbial resistance potential, and matrix-dependent performance highlight the need for deeper microbiological validation. Future progress will require integrative research linking microbial ecology, packaging material science, and mechanistic toxicology. By aligning with microbial behavior at the cellular and ecosystem levels, active antimicrobial packaging represents a powerful, biologically grounded approach to mitigating foodborne risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15040325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T14:06:16Z","timestamp":1770905176000},"page":"325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Active Antimicrobial Packaging Systems: Mechanisms of Microbial Control and Applications in Food Preservation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6489-7789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esteban","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Pathology and Production, Bromatology and Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmonta\u00f1a s\/n, 35413 Arucas, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4789-8124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Sanju\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Pathology and Production, Bromatology and Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmonta\u00f1a s\/n, 35413 Arucas, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7870-7282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miroslav","family":"J\u016fzl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5286-2249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Raposo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies), ECTS (School of Health Sciences and Technologies), Lus\u00f3fona University, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2500-1136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariana","family":"Saraiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research in Veterinary Medicine (I-MVET), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lisbon University Centre, Lus\u00f3fona University, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lisbon University Centre, Lus\u00f3fona University, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6413-3230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Raduan","family":"Jaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmonta\u00f1a s\/n, 35413 Arucas, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2802-7873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Conrado","family":"Carrascosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Pathology and Production, Bromatology and Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmonta\u00f1a s\/n, 35413 Arucas, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrahim, S.A., Ayivi, R.D., Zimmerman, T., Siddiqui, S.A., Altemimi, A.B., Fidan, H., Esatbeyoglu, T., and Bakhshayesh, R.V. 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