{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T18:51:42Z","timestamp":1773255102092,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/MAR-EST\/3048\/2014 (BIOPHARMA), PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/30056\/2017 (OPTOX), UIDB\/04292\/2020, UID\/MULTI\/04046\/2019, CEECIND\/00511\/2017, DL57\/2016\/CP1479\/CT0024, SFRH\/BPD\/95784\/2013 and SFRH\/BD\/138376\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/MAR-EST\/3048\/2014 (BIOPHARMA), PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/30056\/2017 (OPTOX), UIDB\/04292\/2020, UID\/MULTI\/04046\/2019, CEECIND\/00511\/2017, DL57\/2016\/CP1479\/CT0024, SFRH\/BPD\/95784\/2013 and SFRH\/BD\/138376\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Present demographic trends suggest a rise in the contributions of human pharmaceuticals into coastal ecosystems, underpinning an increasing demand to evaluate the ecotoxicological effects and implications of drug residues in marine risk assessments. Propranolol, a non-selective \u03b2-adrenoceptor blocker, is used worldwide to treat high blood pressure conditions and other related cardiovascular conditions. Although diatoms lack \u03b2-adrenoceptors, this microalgal group presents receptor-like kinases and proteins with a functional analogy to the animal receptors and that can be targeted by propranolol. In the present work, the authors evaluated the effect of this non-selective \u03b2-adrenoceptor blocker in diatom cells using P. tricornutum as a model organism, to evaluate the potential effect of this compound in cell physiology (growth, lipids and energy metabolism and oxidative stress) and its potential relevance for marine ecosystems. Propranolol exposure leads to a significant reduction in diatom cell growth, more evident in the highest concentrations tested. This is likely due to the observed impairment of the main primary photochemistry processes and the enhancement of the mitochondrial respiratory activity. More specifically, propranolol decreased the energy transduction from photosystem II (PSII) to the electron transport chain, leading to an increase in oxidative stress levels. Cells exposed to propranolol also exhibited high-dissipated energy flux, indicating that this excessive energy is efficiently diverted, to some extent, from the photosystems, acting to prevent irreversible photoinhibition. As energy production is impaired at the PSII donor side, preventing energy production through the electron transport chain, diatoms appear to be consuming storage lipids as an energy backup system, to maintain essential cellular functions. This consumption will be attained by an increase in respiratory activity. Considering the primary oxygen production and consumption pathways, propranolol showed a significant reduction of the autotrophic O2 production and an increase in the heterotrophic mitochondrial respiration. Both mechanisms can have negative effects on marine trophic webs, due to a decrease in the energetic input from marine primary producers and a simultaneous oxygen production decrease for heterotrophic species. In ecotoxicological terms, bio-optical and fatty acid data appear as highly efficient tools for ecotoxicity assessment, with an overall high degree of classification when these traits are used to build a toxicological profile, instead of individually assessed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology9120478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T11:42:09Z","timestamp":1608291729000},"page":"478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Effects of Propranolol on Growth, Lipids and Energy Metabolism and Oxidative Stress Response of Phaeodactylum tricornutum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1914-7435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernardo","family":"Duarte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7109-7925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Feij\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4612-9013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Cruz de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"cE3c, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edif\u00edcio C2, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Irina A.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0626-3269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3495-2195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Rita","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"BioISI\u2014Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Plant Functional Genomics Group, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4323-4945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Cabrita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos Geogr\u00e1ficos (CEG), Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Territ\u00f3rio (IGOT), Universidade de Lisboa, Rua Branca Edm\u00e9e Marques, 1600-276 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sara C.","family":"Novais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polit\u00e9cnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9887-1864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco F. L.","family":"Lemos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polit\u00e9cnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8865-8189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Carlos","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Ca\u00e7ador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9843-9465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Reis-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Aldeide, SA 5005, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6374-1194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa F.","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2006.10.022","article-title":"The coasts of our world: Ecological, economic and social importance","volume":"63","author":"Intralawan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecol. 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