{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T07:01:26Z","timestamp":1771570886828,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]],"date-time":"2020-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31158\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31158\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["420449\/2018-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["420449\/2018-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["428211\/2018-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["428211\/2018-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Amphibian skin is a multifunctional organ that plays key roles in defense, breathing, and water balance. In this study, skin secretion samples of the fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) were separated using RP-HPLC and de novo sequenced using MALDI-TOF MS\/MS. Next, we used an in silico platform to screen antioxidant molecules in the framework of density functional theory. One of the identified peptides, salamandrin-I, [M + H]+ = 1406.6 Da, was selected for solid-phase synthesis; it showed free radical scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS radicals. Salamandrin-I did not show antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. In vitro assays using human microglia and red blood cells showed that salamandrin-I has no cytotoxicity up to the concentration of 100 \u00b5M. In addition, in vivo toxicity tests on Galleria mellonella larvae resulted in no mortality at 20 and 40 mg\/kg. Antioxidant peptides derived from natural sources are increasingly attracting interest. Among several applications, these peptides, such as salamandrin-I, can be used as templates in the design of novel antioxidant molecules that may contribute to devising strategies for more effective control of neurological disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10040512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T05:52:30Z","timestamp":1585720350000},"page":"512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["The Antioxidant Peptide Salamandrin-I: First Bioactive Peptide Identified from Skin Secretion of Salamandra Genus (Salamandra salamandra)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Pl\u00e1cido","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S) and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Bueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Applied Morphology and Immunology, NuPMIA, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory for the Synthesis and Analysis of Biomolecules (LSAB), Institute of Chemistry, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia, DF 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7613-4414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eder A.","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for the Synthesis and Analysis of Biomolecules (LSAB), Institute of Chemistry, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia, DF 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1961-7281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel C.","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Applied Morphology and Immunology, NuPMIA, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Jhones do Nascimento","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Fungal Pathogens, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia, DF 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Wanessa Felix","family":"Cabral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Applied Morphology and Immunology, NuPMIA, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8160-7784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Albuquerque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Fungal Pathogens, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia, DF 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8339-1964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucinda J.","family":"Bessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3229-3293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S) and National Institute of Biomedical Engineering (INEB), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Selma A. S.","family":"Kuckelhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Applied Morphology and Immunology, NuPMIA, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7062-5450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe C. D. A.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of S\u00e3o Paulo, Campus Mat\u00e3o, Mat\u00e3o, SP 15991-502, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4609-9002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Augusto","family":"Batagin-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus of Itapeva, Itapeva, SP 18409-010, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1615-0009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme D.","family":"Brand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for the Synthesis and Analysis of Biomolecules (LSAB), Institute of Chemistry, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia, DF 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o B.","family":"Relvas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S) and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1096-3236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Roberto S. 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