{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T16:20:47Z","timestamp":1776788447783,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]],"date-time":"2020-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020 and UIDP\/04423\/2020 NASCEM PTDC\/BTA-BTA\/31422\/2017 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031422)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020 and UIDP\/04423\/2020 NASCEM PTDC\/BTA-BTA\/31422\/2017 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031422)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of alternative ecological and effective antifouling technologies is still challenging. Synthesis of nature-inspired compounds has been exploited, given the potential to assure commercial supplies of potential ecofriendly antifouling agents. In this direction, the antifouling activity of a series of nineteen synthetic small molecules, with chemical similarities with natural products, were exploited in this work. Six (4, 5, 7, 10, 15 and 17) of the tested xanthones showed in vivo activity toward the settlement of Mytilus galloprovincialis larvae (EC50: 3.53\u201328.60 \u00b5M) and low toxicity to this macrofouling species (LC50 &gt; 500 \u00b5M and LC50\/EC50: 17.42\u2013141.64), and two of them (7 and 10) showed no general marine ecotoxicity (&lt;10% of Artemia salina mortality) after 48 h of exposure. Regarding the mechanism of action in mussel larvae, the best performance compounds 4 and 5 might be acting by the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity (in vitro and in silico studies), while 7 and 10 showed specific targets (proteomic studies) directly related with the mussel adhesive structure (byssal threads), given by the alterations in the expression of Mytilus collagen proteins (PreCols) and proximal thread proteins (TMPs). A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model was built with predictive capacity to enable speeding the design of new potential active compounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10081126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]],"date-time":"2020-07-30T12:15:38Z","timestamp":1596111338000},"page":"1126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Structure-Antifouling Activity Relationship and Molecular Targets of Bio-Inspired(thio)xanthones"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9356-7265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana R.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andreia","family":"Palmeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6149-9840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7628-8536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micaela","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P 4069-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ISPSO\u2014Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques de Suisse Occidentale, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Aldo Barreiro","family":"Felpeto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria V.","family":"Turkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, SE-581 85 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3585-2417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P 4069-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4676-1409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madalena","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4150-8532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Correia-da-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5397-4672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Em\u00edlia","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.12694","article-title":"Marine biofilms: Diversity of communities and of chemical cues","volume":"11","author":"Antunes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. 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