{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T07:55:49Z","timestamp":1778313349775,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,15]],"date-time":"2021-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/136767\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/136767\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-035234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-035234"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EAPA_151\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAPA_151\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carotenoids are tetraterpenoids molecules present in all photosynthetic organisms, responsible for better light-harvesting and energy dissipation in photosynthesis. In cyanobacteria, the biosynthetic pathway of carotenoids is well described, and apart from the more common compounds (e.g., \u03b2-carotene, zeaxanthin, and echinenone), specific carotenoids can also be found, such as myxoxanthophyll. Moreover, cyanobacteria have a protein complex called orange carotenoid protein (OCP) as a mechanism of photoprotection. Although cyanobacteria are not the organism of choice for the industrial production of carotenoids, the optimisation of their production and the evaluation of their bioactive capacity demonstrate that these organisms may indeed be a potential candidate for future pigment production in a more environmentally friendly and sustainable approach of biorefinery. Carotenoids-rich extracts are described as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumoral agents and are proposed for feed and cosmetical industries. Thus, several strategies for the optimisation of a cyanobacteria-based bioprocess for the obtention of pigments were described. This review aims to give an overview of carotenoids from cyanobacteria not only in terms of their chemistry but also in terms of their biotechnological applicability and the advances and the challenges in the production of such compounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11050735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,16]],"date-time":"2021-05-16T23:17:16Z","timestamp":1621207036000},"page":"735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["Carotenoids from Cyanobacteria: Biotechnological Potential and Optimization Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6148-8896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Pagels","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Novo Edif\u00edcio do Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"FCUP\u2014Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3585-2417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Novo Edif\u00edcio do Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"FCUP\u2014Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9181-512X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Catarina","family":"Guedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Novo Edif\u00edcio do Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richmond, A. (2013). Photosynthesis in Microalgae. Handbook of Microalgal Culture, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118567166"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2728(81)90045-1","article-title":"A carotenoid-protein from cyanobacteria","volume":"637","author":"Holt","year":"1981","journal-title":"BBA Bioenerg."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"671","article-title":"The thylakoid membranes of cyanobacteria: Structure, dynamics and function","volume":"26","author":"Mullineaux","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aust. J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.3390\/md9040625","article-title":"Microalgae as sources of carotenoids","volume":"9","author":"Guedes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirschberg, J., and Chamovitz, D. (1994). Carotenoids in Cyanobacteria. The Molecular Biology of Cyanobacteria, Kluwer Academic Publishers.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-0227-8_18"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacob-Lopes, E., Maroneze, M.M., Queiroz, M.I., and Zepka, L.Q. (2020). Pigments from microalgae. Handbook of Microalgae-Based Processes and Products, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-50971-2"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2016.10.005","article-title":"Carotenoids from microalgae: A review of recent developments","volume":"34","author":"Gong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Markets and Markets (2021, May 14). Carotenoids Market by Type (Astaxanthin, Beta-Carotene, Lutein, Lycopene, Canthaxanthin, and Zeaxanthin), Application (Feed, Food & Beverages, Dietary Supplements, Cosmetics, and Pharmaceuticals), Source, Formulation, and Region\u2014Global Forecast to 2026. Available online: https:\/\/www.marketsandmarkets.com\/Market-Reports\/carotenoid-market-158421566.html."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.2.197","article-title":"Carotenoid biosynthesis in cyanobacteria: Structural and evolutionary scenarios based on comparative genomics","volume":"2","author":"Liang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2323\/jgam.2020.01.005","article-title":"Carotenogenesis in cyanobacteria: CruA\/CruP-type and CrtL-type lycopene cyclases","volume":"66","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6883","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.20.6883-6892.2005","article-title":"Myxoxanthophyll is required for normal cell wall structure and thylakoid organization in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803","volume":"187","author":"Mohamed","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(12)60102-6","article-title":"Comparative study on the expression of genes involved in carotenoid and ABA biosynthetic pathway in response to salt stress in tomato","volume":"11","author":"Duan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymben.2020.07.003","article-title":"Tailoring cyanobacteria as a new platform for highly efficient synthesis of astaxanthin","volume":"61","author":"Diao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metab. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-007-7190-z","article-title":"Carotenoids and carotenogenesis in cyanobacteria: Unique ketocarotenoids and carotenoid glycosides","volume":"64","author":"Takaichi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2019.02.010","article-title":"Phycobiliproteins from cyanobacteria: Chemistry and biotechnological applications","volume":"37","author":"Pagels","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1021\/bi401539w","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of photoactivation and structural location of the cyanobacterial orange carotenoid protein","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16180","DOI":"10.1038\/nplants.2016.180","article-title":"Cyanobacterial photoprotection by the orange carotenoid protein","volume":"2","author":"Kirilovsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2728(97)00067-4","article-title":"The orange carotenoid protein of Synechocystis PCC 6803","volume":"1322","author":"Wu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Bioenerg."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Peschek, G.A., Obinger, C., and Renger, G. (2011). Photoprotection in cyanobacteria: The orange carotenoid protein and energy dissipation. Bioenergetic Processes of Cyanobacteria: From Evolutionary Singularity to Ecological Diversity, Springer."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2019.101541","article-title":"Revealing the potential of cyanobacteria in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals\u2014A new bioactive approach","volume":"41","author":"Morone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes, G., Clarinha, D., and Vasconcelos, V. (2020). Carotenoids from cyanobacteria: A biotechnological approach for the topical treatment of psoriasis. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8020302"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3031","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-020-02213-1","article-title":"Bioactive potential of Cyanobium sp. pigment-rich extracts","volume":"32","author":"Pagels","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2017.06.069","article-title":"Carotenoid profile of three microalgae\/cyanobacteria species with peroxyl radical scavenger capacity","volume":"100","author":"Patias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2009.01913.x","article-title":"Carotenoids provide the major antioxidant defence in the globally significant N2-fixing marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium","volume":"11","author":"Kelman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5384","DOI":"10.3390\/md13085384","article-title":"Antioxidant, anti-nephrolithe activities and in vitro digestibility studies of three different cyanobacterial pigment extracts","volume":"13","author":"Paliwal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2650030605","article-title":"A cyanobacteria extract and \u03b2-carotene stimulate an antitumor host response against an oral cancer cell line","volume":"3","author":"Schwartz","year":"1989","journal-title":"Phyther. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02178573","article-title":"Spirulina (Arthrospira): Potential application as an animal feed supplement","volume":"8","author":"Belay","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.59.165","article-title":"pigmentation of cultured black tiger prawn by feeding with a Spirulina-supplemented diet","volume":"59","author":"Liao","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nippon. Suisan Gakkaishi"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.53.433","article-title":"pigmentation of cultured sweet smelt fed diets supplemented with a blue-green alga Spirulina maxima","volume":"53","author":"Mori","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nippon. Suisan Gakkaishi"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.57.1403","article-title":"pigmentation of cultured striped jack reared on diets supplemented with the blue-green alga Spirulina maxima","volume":"57","author":"Okada","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morone, J., Lopes, G., Preto, M., Vasconcelos, V., and Martins, R. (2020). Exploitation of filamentous and picoplanktonic cyanobacteria for cosmetic applications: Potential to improve skin structure and preserve dermal matrix components. Mar. Drugs, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/md18090486"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, W.S., Kim, H.J., Li, M., Lim, D.H., Kim, J., Kwak, S.S., Kang, C.M., Ferruzzi, M.G., and Ahn, M.J. (2018). Two classes of pigments, carotenoids and c-phycocyanin, in Spirulina powder and their antioxidant activities. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201807.0470.v1"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Sharma, N.K., Rai, A.K., and Stal, L.J. (2014). Photobioreactors for cyanobacterial culturing. Cyanobacteria: An Economic Perspective, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.002","article-title":"Cyanobacterial pigments: Perspectives and biotechnological approaches","volume":"120","author":"Saini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2017.03.009","article-title":"Seeing new light: Recent insights into the occurrence and regulation of chromatic acclimation in cyanobacteria","volume":"37","author":"Montgomery","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1080\/00071619100650351","article-title":"Red, green and blue light photoreceptors controlling chlorophyll a, biliprotein and total protein synthesis in the red alga Chondrus crispus","volume":"26","author":"Figueroa","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br. Phycol. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2851","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-020-02179-0","article-title":"Light quality triggers biochemical modulation of Cyanobium sp.\u2014Photobiology as tool for biotechnological optimization","volume":"32","author":"Pagels","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.123105","article-title":"White and red LEDs as two-phase batch for cyanobacterial pigments production","volume":"307","author":"Pagels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00023370","article-title":"Effects of light intensity and quality on the growth rate and photosynthetic pigment content of Spirulina platensis","volume":"2","author":"Olaizola","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pep.2011.08.011","article-title":"Effect of light quality on the C-phycoerythrin production in marine cyanobacteria Pseudanabaena sp. isolated from Gujarat coast","volume":"81","author":"Mishra","year":"2012","journal-title":"India. Protein Expr. Purif."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/mp\/ssr054","article-title":"Emerging perspectives on the mechanisms, regulation, and distribution of light color acclimation in cyanobacteria","volume":"5","author":"Gutu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3605","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-020-02212-2","article-title":"Light-emitting diodes\u2014A plus on microalgae biomass and high-value metabolite production","volume":"32","author":"Amaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2014.06.001","article-title":"Light emitting diodes (LEDs) applied to microalgal production","volume":"32","author":"Schulze","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2018.02.012","article-title":"Influence of spectral light quality on the pigment concentrations and biomass productivity of Arthrospira platensis","volume":"31","author":"Lima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/pre.12374","article-title":"Effects of different UV radiation on photoprotective pigments and antioxidant activity of the hot-spring cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya cf. fragilis","volume":"67","author":"Kokabi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phycol. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-007-9166-7","article-title":"Response of the estuarine cyanobacterium Lyngbya aestuarii to UV-B radiation","volume":"19","author":"Rath","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00163","article-title":"Synthesis, regulation and degradation of carotenoids under low level UV-B radiation in the filamentous cyanobacterium Chlorogloeopsis fritschii PCC 6912","volume":"11","author":"Llewellyn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.179.6.1940-1945.1997","article-title":"UV-B-induced synthesis of photoprotective pigments and extracellular polysaccharides in the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc commune","volume":"179","author":"Bilger","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6845","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.24.6845-6858.2002","article-title":"Global gene expression profiles of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 in response to irradiation with UV-B and white light","volume":"184","author":"Huang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6941.12025","article-title":"Photoacclimation of cultured strains of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa to high-light and low-light conditions","volume":"83","author":"Kromkamp","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0176-1617(97)80250-7","article-title":"Accumulation of zeaxanthin in cells of the cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 grown under high irradiance","volume":"151","author":"Masamoto","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2005.09.015","article-title":"Acclimation of chlorophyll a and carotenoid levels to different irradiances in four freshwater cyanobacteria","volume":"162","author":"Schagerl","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1127\/fal\/2020\/1290","article-title":"Light regulating metabolic responses of Cyanobium sp. (Cyanobacteria)","volume":"193","author":"Pagels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fundam. Appl. Limnol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-017-1133-3","article-title":"Influence of light and temperature on growth and high-value molecules productivity from Cyanobacterium aponinum","volume":"29","author":"Gris","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(96)00573-0","article-title":"Effect of irradiance on fatty acid, carotenoid, total protein composition and growth of Microcystis aeruginosa","volume":"44","author":"Walsh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4607","DOI":"10.3390\/en6094607","article-title":"Effects of environmental factors and nutrient availability on the biochemical composition of algae for biofuels production: A review","volume":"6","author":"Juneja","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6941.12128","article-title":"Cyanobacterial diversity in the hot spring, pelagic and benthic habitats of a tropical soda lake","volume":"85","author":"Dadheech","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"362","article-title":"An assessment of biopotential of three cyanobacterial isolates from Antarctic for carotenoid production","volume":"40","author":"Shukla","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian J. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2019.05.003","article-title":"Effect of growth temperature on biosynthesis and accumulation of carotenoids in cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 under diazotrophic conditions","volume":"226","author":"Bujas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjm.2016.01.003","article-title":"Role of pH on antioxidants production by Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis","volume":"47","author":"Ismaiel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3861","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-020-02260-8","article-title":"Factorial optimization of upstream process for Cyanobium sp. pigments production","volume":"32","author":"Pagels","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"152","article-title":"Optimization of growth of Spirulina platensis Ln1 for production of carotenoids","volume":"1","author":"Thirumala","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Life Sci. Biotechnol. Pharma Res."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"40","article-title":"Optimization growth of Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis in photobioreactor under varied nitrogen concentration for maximized biomass, carotenoids and lipid contents","volume":"11","author":"Mostafa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Food. Nutr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3251","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-016-0861-0","article-title":"Carotenoid profile in Prochlorococcus sp. and enrichment of lutein using different nitrogen sources","volume":"28","author":"Demirel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.17221\/46\/2011-CJFS","article-title":"Influence of growth medium composition on synthesis of bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties of selected strains of Arthrospira cyanobacteria","volume":"30","author":"Tarko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Czech J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-019-02196-5","article-title":"Potential use of a thermal water cyanobacterium as raw material to produce biodiesel and pigments","volume":"42","author":"Soares","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2015.08.122","article-title":"Selective carotenoid accumulation by varying nutrient media and salinity in Synechocystis sp. CCNM 2501","volume":"197","author":"Paliwal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57546-1","article-title":"Il Genomic survey of salt acclimation-related genes in the halophilic cyanobacterium Euhalothece sp. Z-M001","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.1.64-72.2000","article-title":"Increased production of zeaxanthin and other pigments by application of genetic engineering techniques to Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803","volume":"66","author":"Lagarde","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2020.126455","article-title":"Improved production of echinenone and canthaxanthin in transgenic Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 overexpressing a heterologous crtO gene from Nostoc flagelliforme","volume":"236","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-018-3047-y","article-title":"Engineering cyanobacteria for production of terpenoids","volume":"249","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2016.06.007","article-title":"Commercial astaxanthin production derived by green alga Haematococcus pluvialis: A microalgae process model and a techno-economic assessment all through production line","volume":"18","author":"Panis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1177\/1082013216689514","article-title":"Effect of ohmic heating processing conditions on color stability of fungal pigments","volume":"23","author":"Aguilar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol. Int."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-007-9578-0","article-title":"Direct extraction of astaxanthin from Haematococcus culture using vegetable oils","volume":"30","author":"Kang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6453","DOI":"10.3390\/md13106453","article-title":"Effect of solvent system on extractability of lipidic components of Scenedesmus obliquus (M2-1) and Gloeothece sp. on antioxidant scavenging capacity thereof","volume":"13","author":"Amaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2019.05.064","article-title":"Synergistic method for extraction of high purity allophycocyanin from dry biomass of Arthrospira platensis and utilization of spent biomass for recovery of carotenoids","volume":"225","author":"Tavanandi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-020-02063-x","article-title":"A new strategy for a combined isolation of EPS and pigments from cyanobacteria","volume":"32","author":"Dorina","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assun\u00e7\u00e3o, J., Amaro, H.M., Lopes, G., Tavares, T., Malcata, F.X., and Guedes, A.C. (2021). Exploration of marine genus Chroococcidiopsis sp.: A valuable source for antioxidant industry?. J. Appl. Phycol.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-021-02435-x"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Springstein, B.L., N\u00fcrnberg, D.J., Weiss, G.L., Pilhofer, M., and Stucken, K. (2020). Structural determinants and their role in Cyanobacterial morphogenesis. Life, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/life10120355"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandal, S.C., Mandal, V., and Das, A.K. (2015). Classification of Extraction Methods. Essentials of Botanical Extraction, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802325-9.00006-9"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3517","DOI":"10.1021\/jf703719p","article-title":"Pressurized fluid extraction of bioactive compounds from Phormidium species","volume":"56","author":"Jaime","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amaro, H.M., Catarina Guedes, A., Preto, M.A.C., Sousa-Pinto, I., and Xavier Malcata, F. (2018). Gloeothece sp. as a nutraceutical source-an improved method of extraction of carotenoids and fatty acids. Mar. Drugs, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/md16090327"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2012.05.010","article-title":"Ultrasound assisted extraction of \u03b2-carotene from Spirulina platensis","volume":"20","author":"Dey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9701","DOI":"10.1021\/jf051283n","article-title":"Supercritical CO2 extraction of \u03b2-carotene from a marine strain of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus species","volume":"53","author":"Montero","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2006.03.008","article-title":"Supercritical fluid extraction of carotenoids and chlorophyll a from Synechococcus sp.","volume":"39","author":"Mantell","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2017.04.004","article-title":"Enzymatic cell disruption of the microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for lipid and protein extraction","volume":"25","author":"Sierra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.06.038","article-title":"Cell disruption and lipid extraction for microalgal biorefineries: A review","volume":"244","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-014-1250-2","article-title":"Microwave-assisted extraction of phycobiliproteins from Porphyridium purpureum","volume":"175","author":"Juin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00232-014-9688-2","article-title":"Effect of pulsed electric field treatments on permeabilization and extraction of pigments from Chlorella vulgaris","volume":"247","author":"Luengo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Membr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2012.12.015","article-title":"Supercritical fluid extraction of carotenoids and chlorophylls a, b and c, from a wild strain of Scenedesmus obliquus for use in food processing","volume":"116","author":"Guedes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-018-1398-1","article-title":"Evaluation of growth and phycobiliprotein composition of cyanobacteria isolates cultivated in different nitrogen sources","volume":"30","author":"Khazi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.121928","article-title":"Multiproduct biorefinery from Arthrospira spp. towards zero waste: Current status and future trends","volume":"291","author":"Mitra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Fernandez, C., and Mu\u00f1oz, R. (2017). Biorefinery of algae: Technical and economic considerations. Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy, Woodhead Publishing."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/11\/5\/735\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:02:00Z","timestamp":1760162520000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/11\/5\/735"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,15]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["biom11050735"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom11050735","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,15]]}}}