{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T22:22:17Z","timestamp":1775946137494,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":219,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UID\/NEU\/04539\/2019, UIDB\/04539\/2020, UIDP\/01\/2020, PD\/BD\/52294\/2013, PD\/BD\/114115\/2015 and PD\/BD\/127821\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/NEU\/04539\/2019, UIDB\/04539\/2020, UIDP\/01\/2020, PD\/BD\/52294\/2013, PD\/BD\/114115\/2015 and PD\/BD\/127821\/2016"]}]},{"name":"COMPETE-FEDER","award":["FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-028417 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-028417 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007440"]}]},{"name":"Centro 2020 Regional Operational Programme","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000008: BRAINHEALTH 2020 and CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000012-N2323: HealthyAging2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000008: BRAINHEALTH 2020 and CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000012-N2323: HealthyAging2020"]}]},{"name":"Banco Santander Totta","award":["FMUC-BST-2016-224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FMUC-BST-2016-224"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microglial cells are the neuroimmune competent cells of the central nervous system. In the adult, microglia are responsible for screening the neuronal parenchyma searching for alterations in homeostasis. Chronic neuroinflammation plays a role in neurodegenerative disease. Indeed, microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is involved in the onset and progression of several disorders in the brain and retina. Microglial cell reactivity occurs in an orchestrated manner and propagates across the neural parenchyma spreading the neuroinflammatory signal from cell to cell. Extracellular vesicles are important vehicles of intercellular communication and act as message carriers across boundaries. Extracellular vesicles can be subdivided in several categories according to their cellular origin (apoptotic bodies, microvesicles and exosomes), each presenting, different but sometimes overlapping functions in cell communication. Mounting evidence suggests a role for extracellular vesicles in regulating microglial cell action. Herein, we explore the role of microglial extracellular vesicles as vehicles for cell communication and the mechanisms that trigger their release. In this review we covered the role of microglial extracellular vesicles, focusing on apoptotic bodies, microvesicles and exosomes, in the context of neurodegeneration and the impact of these vesicles derived from other cells in microglial cell reactivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11060770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T13:15:15Z","timestamp":1621602915000},"page":"770","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Microglial Extracellular Vesicles as Vehicles for Neurodegeneration Spreading"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8384-9648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas Dinis","family":"Aires","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5169-6090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Ribeiro-Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0479-3066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Boia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Magda","family":"Ferreira-Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5786-8447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrique","family":"Gir\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0477-1641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio Francisco","family":"Ambr\u00f3sio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7541-7041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Raquel","family":"Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(90)90229-W","article-title":"Heterogeneity in the distribution and morphology of microglia in the normal adult mouse 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