{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T20:30:03Z","timestamp":1773261003652,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the pathophysiological course of type 2 diabetes (T2D), several metabolic imbalances occur. There is increasing evidence that metabolic dysfunction far precedes clinical manifestations. Thus, knowing and understanding metabolic imbalances is crucial to unraveling new strategies and molecules (biomarkers) for the early-stage prediction of the disease\u2019s non-clinical phase. Lifestyle interventions must be made with considerable involvement of clinicians, and it should be considered that not all patients will respond in the same manner. Individuals with a high risk of diabetic progression will present compensatory metabolic mechanisms, translated into metabolic biomarkers that will therefore show potential predictive value to differentiate between progressors\/non-progressors in T2D. Specific novel biomarkers are being proposed to entrap prediabetes and target progressors to achieve better outcomes. This study provides a review of the latest relevant biomarkers in prediabetes. A search for articles published between 2011 and 2021 was conducted; duplicates were removed, and inclusion criteria were applied. From the 29 studies considered, a survey of the most cited (relevant) biomarkers was conducted and further discussed in the two main identified fields: metabolomics, and miRNA studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11111589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T22:00:23Z","timestamp":1635372023000},"page":"1589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Metabolic Dysfunction Biomarkers as Predictors of Early Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5292-6337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Lu\u00eds","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FMUP\u2013Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S-Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LABMI-PORTIC, Laboratory of Medical & Industrial Biotechnology, Porto Research, Technology and Innovation Center, Porto Polytechnic, 4200-375 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3740-862X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Baylina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LABMI-PORTIC, Laboratory of Medical & Industrial Biotechnology, Porto Research, Technology and Innovation Center, Porto Polytechnic, 4200-375 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IPP\u2013Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9157-5541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FMUP\u2013Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S-Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry, FMUP, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al Prof Hernani Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8933-3984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00faben","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S-Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LABMI-PORTIC, Laboratory of Medical & Industrial Biotechnology, Porto Research, Technology and Innovation Center, Porto Polytechnic, 4200-375 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IPP\u2013Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"IDF (2019). 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