{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T09:04:52Z","timestamp":1768813492910,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/129359\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/129359\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/110001\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/110001\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04378\/2020 and UIDB\/04378\/2020 of the Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences - UCIBIO and the project LA\/P\/0140\/2020 of the Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bi-oeconomy - i4HB and UIDB\/04423\/2020, UIDP\/04423\/2020 (CIIMAR)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04378\/2020 and UIDB\/04378\/2020 of the Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences - UCIBIO and the project LA\/P\/0140\/2020 of the Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bi-oeconomy - i4HB and UIDB\/04423\/2020, UIDP\/04423\/2020 (CIIMAR)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Doxorubicin (DOX) is a topoisomerase II inhibitor commonly used in the treatment of several types of cancer. Despite its efficacy, DOX can potentially cause fatal adverse effects, like cardiotoxicity. This work aimed to assess the role of inflammation in DOX-treated infant and adult mice and its possible link to underlying cardiotoxicity. Two groups of CD-1 male mice of different ages (infants or adults) were subjected to biweekly DOX administrations, to reach a cumulative dose of 18.0 mg\/kg, which corresponds approximately in humans to 100.6 mg\/m2 for infants and 108.9 mg\/m2 for adults a clinically relevant dose in humans. The classic plasmatic markers of cardiotoxicity increased, and that damage was confirmed by histopathological findings in both groups, although it was higher in adults. Moreover, in DOX-treated adults, an increase of cardiac fibrosis was observed, which was accompanied by an increase in specific inflammatory parameters, namely, macrophage M1 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB) p65 subunit, with a trend toward increased levels of the tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2). On the other hand, the levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and interleukin (IL)-6 significantly decreased in DOX-treated adult animals. In infants, a significant increase in cardiac protein carbonylation and in the levels of nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) was observed. In both groups, no differences were found in the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-\u03b1), IL-1\u03b2, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) or NF-\u03baB p52 subunit. In conclusion, using a clinically relevant dose of DOX, our study demonstrated that cardiac effects are associated not only with the intensity of the inflammatory response but also with redox response. Adult mice seemed to be more prone to DOX-induced cardiotoxicity by mechanisms related to inflammation, while infant mice seem to be protected from the damage caused by DOX, possibly by activating such antioxidant defenses as Nrf2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11111725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T08:29:17Z","timestamp":1637310557000},"page":"1725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Role of Inflammation and Redox Status on Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Infant and Adult CD-1 Male Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2775-3147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Reis-Mendes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2359-6321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Isabel","family":"Padr\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4756-5917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Alberto","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"TOXRUN\u2013Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, Advanced Polytechnic and University Cooperative (CESPU), CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Salom\u00e9","family":"Gon\u00e7alves-Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Outcomes Research Laboratory, MOREHealth, Outcomes Research Laboratory, Portuguese Institute of Oncology at Porto Francisco Gentil (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4727-727X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida","family":"Duarte-Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immuno-Physiology and Pharmacology, ICBAS\u2014Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1382-5119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Remi\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3858-3494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e9lix","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5397-4672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Em\u00edlia","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR\u2013Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Lourdes","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0471-2756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera Marisa","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.4.2.219","article-title":"Toxicity of the topoisomerase II inhibitors","volume":"4","author":"Seiter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert Opin. 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