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Gut dysbiosis may contribute to CVD and inflammation in CKD patients. Nonetheless, the role of gut and blood microbiomes in CKD-associated VC remains unknown. Therefore, this pilot study aimed to explore the link between gut and blood microbiomes and VC in CKD patients on peritoneal dialysis (CKD-PD). Our results showed relative changes in specific taxa between CKD-PD patients with and without VC, namely Coprobacter, Coprococcus\u00a03, Lactobacillus, and Eubacterium eligens group in the gut, and Cutibacterium, Pajaroellobacter, Devosia, Hyphomicrobium, and Pelomonas in the blood. An association between VC and all-cause mortality risk in CKD-PD patients was also observed, and patients with higher mortality risk corroborate the changes of Eubacterium eligens in the gut and Devosia genus in the blood. Although we did not find differences in uremic toxins, intestinal translocation markers, and inflammatory parameters among CKD-PD patients with and without VC, soluble CD14 (sCD14), a nonspecific marker of monocyte activation, positively correlated with VC severity. Therefore, gut Eubacterium eligens group, blood Devosia, and circulating sCD14 should be further explored as biomarkers for VC, CVD, and mortality risk in CKD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12070867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T21:55:19Z","timestamp":1655848519000},"page":"867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Vascular Calcification and the Gut and Blood Microbiome in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8322-4047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Merino-Ribas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology & Infectious Diseases R & D Group, i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, 17007 Girona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7382-4834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology & Infectious Diseases R & D Group, i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology & Infectious Diseases R & D Group, i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Nephrology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4316-1520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology & Infectious Diseases R & D Group, i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3481-5809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Barreiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Qu\u00edmicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2938-0214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcela A.","family":"Segundo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Qu\u00edmicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"N\u00e1dia","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9831-9420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina F. 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A.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology & Infectious Diseases R & D Group, i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8388-1848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janete","family":"Quelhas-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UnIC@RISE- Cardiovascular Research and Development Centre, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3415-2040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1bio","family":"Trindade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UnIC@RISE- Cardiovascular Research and Development Centre, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Falc\u00e3o-Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UnIC@RISE- Cardiovascular Research and Development Centre, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ines","family":"Alencastre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology & Infectious Diseases R & D Group, i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ioana Bancu","family":"Dumitrescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Fresenius Nephrocare, 110372 Pitesti, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9368-8075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedita","family":"Sampaio-Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology & Infectious Diseases R & D Group, i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade do Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A7","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.01.002","article-title":"US renal data system 2020 annual data report: Epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States","volume":"77","author":"Johansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. 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