{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T10:19:41Z","timestamp":1777285181642,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]],"date-time":"2022-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UI\/BD\/151239\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/151239\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0029\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"LABBELS \u2013 Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Microelectromechnaical Systems","award":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LABBELS \u2013 Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Microelectromechnaical Systems","award":["UI\/BD\/151239\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/151239\/2021"]}]},{"name":"LABBELS \u2013 Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Microelectromechnaical Systems","award":["LA\/P\/0029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0029\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The worldwide access to pharmaceuticals and their continuous release into the environment have raised a serious global concern. Pharmaceuticals remain active even at low concentrations, therefore their occurrence in waterbodies may lead to successive deterioration of water quality with adverse impacts on the ecosystem and human health. To address this challenge, there is currently an evolving trend toward the search for effective methods to ensure efficient purification of both drinking water and wastewater. Biocatalytic transformation of pharmaceuticals using oxidoreductase enzymes, such as peroxidase and laccase, is a promising environmentally friendly solution for water treatment, where fungal species have been used as preferred producers due to their ligninolytic enzymatic systems. Enzyme-catalyzed degradation can transform micropollutants into more bioavailable or even innocuous products. Enzyme immobilization on a carrier generally increases its stability and catalytic performance, allowing its reuse, being a promising approach to ensure applicability to an industrial scale process. Moreover, coupling biocatalytic processes to other treatment technologies have been revealed to be an effective approach to achieve the complete removal of pharmaceuticals. This review updates the state-of-the-art of the application of oxidoreductases enzymes, namely laccase, to degrade pharmaceuticals from spiked water and real wastewater. Moreover, the advances concerning the techniques used for enzyme immobilization, the operation in bioreactors, the use of redox mediators, the application of hybrid techniques, as well as the discussion of transformation mechanisms and ending toxicity, are addressed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12101489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,16]],"date-time":"2022-10-16T21:10:10Z","timestamp":1665954610000},"page":"1489","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Current Challenges for Biological Treatment of Pharmaceutical-Based Contaminants with Oxidoreductase Enzymes: Immobilization Processes, Real Aqueous Matrices and Hybrid Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2434-0478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"S\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6811-0578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Michelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0549-5607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.132270","article-title":"A Review on Recent Trends in the Removal of Emerging Contaminants from Aquatic Environment Using Low-Cost Adsorbents","volume":"287","author":"Varsha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2021.113473","article-title":"The Potential of Biochar and Lignin-Based Adsorbents for Wastewater Treatment: Comparison, Mechanism, and Application\u2014A Review","volume":"166","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind. 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