{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T21:59:13Z","timestamp":1776895153968,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04326\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04565\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04565\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04565\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04565\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Research Unit Center for Marine Sciences\u2014CCMAR;  and UIDP\/04565\/2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Research Unit Center for Marine Sciences\u2014CCMAR;  and UIDP\/04565\/2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04326\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Research Unit Center for Marine Sciences\u2014CCMAR;  and UIDP\/04565\/2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Research Unit Center for Marine Sciences\u2014CCMAR;  and UIDP\/04565\/2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04565\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04565\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Research Unit Center for Marine Sciences\u2014CCMAR;  and UIDP\/04565\/2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04565\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04565\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy\u20144HB","award":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy\u20144HB","award":["UIDP\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04326\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy\u20144HB","award":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy\u20144HB","award":["UIDB\/04565\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04565\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy\u20144HB","award":["UIDP\/04565\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04565\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Excessive UV radiation exposure is harmful to skin cells since sunburn is accompanied by oxidative burst, leading to a rapid increase in skin cancer. However, the insufficient UV photoprotection of approved sunscreens and the negative impact of their compositions on ecosystems and human health makes the utility of sunscreen a questionable recommendation. Therefore, discovering UV filters with significant antioxidant activity and improved topical performance and photostability is an urgent need. Recently, the use of nanosized natural molecules incorporated in sunscreens has been a scientific hot topic, as it has been suggested that they provide a synergistic effect with synthetic UV filters, improving overall SPF and antioxidant activity, higher retention on the epidermis, and less toxicity. The aim of this review was to verify the usefulness of sunscreens incorporating flavonoid-loaded nanoparticles. A literature review was performed, where original and review articles published in the last 6 years were analyzed. Formulations containing nanosized flavonoids with improved UVA photoprotection and safer toxicological profiles, associated or not with synthetic filters, are promising sunscreens and more clinical investigation must be performed to validate these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13030493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T02:30:23Z","timestamp":1678242623000},"page":"493","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["The Impact of Flavonoid-Loaded Nanoparticles in the UV Protection and Safety Profile of Topical Sunscreens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Magda","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"EPI Unit, Department of Epidemiological Research, Institute of Public Health of University of Porto (ISPUP), Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7605-8861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mubashar","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9157-5541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al Prof Hernani Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"I3S, Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1115-9282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Fonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Gambelas Campus, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Gambelas Campus, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"IBB\u2014Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Pigmentation after solar radiation","volume":"Volume 10","author":"Ortel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biophysical and Physiological Effects of Solar Radiation on Human Skin"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.8.11.7520879","article-title":"Fibrogenic cytokines and connective tissue production","volume":"8","author":"Kovacs","year":"1994","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2018.01.004","article-title":"Myeloperoxidase: Its role for host defense, inflammation, and neutrophil function","volume":"640","author":"Aratani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.5586","article-title":"Effect of Sunscreen Application Under Maximal Use Conditions on Plasma Concentration of Sunscreen Active Ingredients","volume":"321","author":"Matta","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"3494","article-title":"A comparison of Natural and Synthetic Sunscreen Agents: A Review","volume":"13","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-010-3947-6","article-title":"Solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry analytical method for the determination of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone and its metabolites in both human urine and semen","volume":"398","author":"Chisvert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.11.033","article-title":"Determination of UV filters in human breast milk using turbulent flow chromatography and babies\u2019 daily intake estimation","volume":"161","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"adv00480","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3788","article-title":"An Ecological Study Indicates the Importance of Ultraviolet A Protection in Sunscreens","volume":"101","author":"Merhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(00)19005-6","article-title":"Singlet Oxygen from Irradiated Titanium Dioxide and Zinc Oxide","volume":"319","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12469048","article-title":"Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms in Murine Epidermis and Dermis and Their Responses to Ultraviolet Light","volume":"100","author":"Shindo","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2020.08.008","article-title":"Sunscreens: UV filters to protect us: Part 2-Increasing awareness of UV filters and their potential toxicities to us and our environment","volume":"7","author":"Fivenson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Women\u2019s Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2020.05.017","article-title":"Sunscreens: UV filters to protect us: Part 1: Changing regulations and choices for optimal sun protection","volume":"7","author":"Sabzevari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Women\u2019s Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1565(199805\/06)9:3<145::AID-PCA393>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of hop acids, essential oils and flavonoids as a clue to the identification of hop varieties","volume":"9","author":"Everaert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/74.4.418","article-title":"Flavonoids: A review of probable mechanisms of action and potential applications","volume":"74","author":"Nijveldt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.IJD_609_17","article-title":"Knowledge and attitude of general population toward effects of sun exposure and use of sunscreens","volume":"63","author":"Agarwal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.3109\/10837450.2013.823989","article-title":"Nanoemulsions for delivery of flavonoids: Formulation and in vitro release of rutin as model drug","volume":"19","author":"Macedo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharm. Dev. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2494.2007.00410.x","article-title":"Nanostructured lipid carriers as novel carrier for sunscreen formulations","volume":"29","author":"Xia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souto, E., Yoshida, C., Leonardi, G., Cano, A., Sanchez-Lopez, E., Zielinska, A., Viseras, C., Severino, P., Silva, C., and Barbosa, R. (2021). Lipid-Polymeric Films: Composition, Production and Applications in Wound Healing and Skin Repair. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13081199"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"59","article-title":"Approach to the process knowledge of skin aging among different ethnics","volume":"88","author":"Batistela","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Farm."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200218666170222150555","article-title":"Transdermal Drug Delivery: Opportunities and Challenges for Controlled Delivery of Therapeutic Agents Using Nanocarriers","volume":"18","author":"Tekchandani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Metab."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-461X(01)80042-9","article-title":"The epidemiology of solar radiation and skin cancer","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Armstrong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sun Protection in Man"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-461X(01)80049-1","article-title":"UV radiation, mutation and oncogenic pathways in skin cancer","volume":"Volume 3","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sun Protection in Man"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-461X(01)80041-7","article-title":"The negative effects of solar and artificial radiation: Photoaging of the skin, its clinical appearance and underlying mechanisms","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Wlaschek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sun Protection in Man"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Wlaschek, M., Schneider, L.A., Kohn, M., N\u00fc\u00dfeler, E., Treiber, N., and Scharffetter-Kochanek, K. (2007). Biophysical and Physiological Effects of Solar Radiation on Human Skin, The Royal Society of Chemistry."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Giacomoni, P.U. (2001). Sun Protection in Man, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Giacomoni, P.U. (2001). Sun Protection in Man, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1039\/9781847557957-00001","article-title":"Damage from Acute vs Chronic Solar Exposure","volume":"Volume 10","author":"Young","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biophysical and Physiological Effects of Solar Radiation on Human Skin"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Foster, K.W., Katiyar, S.K., Yusuf, N., and Elmets, C.A. (2007). Biophysical and Physiological Effects of Solar Radiation on Human Skin, The Royal Society of Chemistry."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-461X(01)80048-X","article-title":"Erythema, a link between UV-induced DNA damage, cell death and clinical effects","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Heenen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sun Protection in Man"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-461X(01)80040-5","article-title":"Effects of solar radiation on the human immune system","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Norval","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sun Protection in Man"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Halliday, G.M., and Rana, S. (2007). Biophysical and Physiological Effects of Solar Radiation on Human Skin, The Royal Society of Chemistry."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Giacomoni, P.U. (2001). Sun Protection in Man, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Douki, T. (2007). Biophysical and Physiological Effects of Solar Radiation on Human Skin, The Royal Society of Chemistry."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Giacomoni, P.U. (2001). Sun Protection in Man, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Giacomoni, P.U. (2001). Sun Protection in Man, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giacomoni, P.U. (2007). Biophysical and Physiological Effects of Solar Radiation on Human Skin, The Royal Society of Chemistry.","DOI":"10.1039\/9781847557957"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1993.tb02327.x","article-title":"Dna nicking by ultraviolet radiation is enhanced in the presence of iron and of oxygen","volume":"57","author":"Audic","year":"1993","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.8.2409","article-title":"Photoreactivation of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers and erythema in the marsupial Monodelphis domestica","volume":"82","author":"Ley","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3961","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.71.10.3961","article-title":"Effect of Near-Ultraviolet and Visible Light on Mammalian Cells in Culture II. Formation of Toxic Photoproducts in Tissue Culture Medium by Blacklight","volume":"71","author":"Stoien","year":"1974","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.106.082388","article-title":"Singlet Oxygen Generation by UVA Light Exposure of Endogenous Photosensitizers","volume":"91","author":"Baier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(74)90854-7","article-title":"Production of superoxide ions by photosensitization of dyes","volume":"56","author":"Balny","year":"1974","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/1011-1344(94)85002-X","article-title":"Both UVA and UVB induce cytoskeletal dependent surface blebbing in epidermoid cells","volume":"26","author":"Malorni","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2797(91)90026-4","article-title":"Cytoskeleton as a target in menadione-induced oxidative stress in cultured mammalian cells: Alterations underlying surface bleb formation","volume":"80","author":"Malorni","year":"1991","journal-title":"Chem. Interact."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s004030050283","article-title":"Morphological alterations and cell blebbing in UV-irradiated human epidermis","volume":"290","author":"Giacomoni","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Giacomoni, P.U. (2001). Sun Protection in Man, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00029.2006","article-title":"Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite in Health and Disease","volume":"87","author":"Pacher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-019-01928-7","article-title":"A pilot study of the UVA-photoprotective potential of dehydrosilybin, isosilybin, silychristin, and silydianin on human dermal fibroblasts","volume":"311","author":"Biedermann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"34","article-title":"Evaluation of sunscreen safety by in vitro skin permeation studies: Effects of vehicle composition","volume":"68","author":"Montenegro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Die Pharm. Int. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cefali, L.C., Ataide, J.A., Fernandes, A.R., Sousa, I.M.D.O., Gon\u00e7alves, F.C.D.S., Eberlin, S., D\u00e1vila, J.L., Jozala, A.F., Chaud, M.V., and Sanchez-Lopez, E. (2019). Flavonoid-Enriched Plant-Extract-Loaded Emulsion: A Novel Phytocosmetic Sunscreen Formulation with Antioxidant Properties. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8100443"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13438","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c01742","article-title":"Natural Sunscreens Based on Nanoparticles of Modified Kraft Lignin (CatLignin)","volume":"5","author":"Widsten","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1007\/s00105-017-3979-3","article-title":"Sun protection factor 50+: Pro and contra","volume":"68","author":"Herzinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hautarzt"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8305.2012.00667.x","article-title":"Sun Exposure Behavior and Protection: Recommendations for Travelers","volume":"20","author":"Diaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2016.00085","article-title":"Sources and transformations of dissolved lignin phenols and chromophoric dissolved organic matter in Otsuchi Bay, Japan","volume":"3","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Giacomoni, P.U. (2001). Sun Protection in Man, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-06-0352","article-title":"Prolonged Prevention of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin by Regular Sunscreen Use","volume":"15","author":"Williams","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12316","article-title":"Plant-based active photoprotectants for sunscreens","volume":"38","author":"Cefali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12388","article-title":"New insights in photoaging, UVA induced damage and skin types","volume":"23","author":"Battie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2019.745","article-title":"Preparation and Evaluation of Sunscreen Nanoemulsions with Synergistic Efficacy on SPF by Combination of Soybean Oil, Avobenzone, and Octyl Methoxycinnamate","volume":"7","author":"Arianto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12296","article-title":"UV-blocking potential of oils and juices","volume":"38","author":"Gause","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2008.11.002","article-title":"Rutin has therapeutic effect on septic arthritis caused by Candida albicans","volume":"9","author":"Han","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00024a011","article-title":"Content of potentially anticarcinogenic flavonoids of 28 vegetables and 9 fruits commonly consumed in the Netherlands","volume":"40","author":"Hertog","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(96)04728-X","article-title":"Flavonoids as potential protective agents against photo-oxidative skin damage","volume":"145","author":"Bonina","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02974122","article-title":"Antiinflammatory activity of flavonoids: Mouse ear edema inhibition","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Pharmacal Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2014.09.059","article-title":"Improvement of quercetin protective effect against oxidative stress skin damages by incorporation in nanovesicles","volume":"123","author":"Manca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(99)00002-7","article-title":"Effects of the wine polyphenolics quercetin and resveratrol on pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages","volume":"57","author":"Wadsworth","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2008.12.002","article-title":"Kinetic solubility and dissolution velocity of rutin nanocrystals","volume":"36","author":"Mauludin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2007.06.010","article-title":"In vitro antioxidant properties of rutin","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2011.09.023","article-title":"Quercetin and rutin exhibit antiamyloidogenic and fibril-disaggregating effects in vitro and potent antioxidant activity in APPswe cells","volume":"89","year":"2011","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2008.03.011","article-title":"Catechin, epicatechin, quercetin, rutin and resveratrol in red grape: Content, in vitro antioxidant activity and interactions","volume":"21","author":"Iacopini","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2010.11.044","article-title":"Effects of surfactant micelles on solubilization and DPPH radical scavenging activity of Rutin","volume":"355","author":"Chat","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2008.11.029","article-title":"Development of an oral rutin nanocrystal formulation","volume":"370","author":"Mauludin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"IV CPT (Method for the In Vitro Determination of UVA Protection Provided by Sunscreen Products. COLIPA, Belgium, 2006). Method for the In Vitro Determination of UVA Protection Provided by Sunscreen Products. COLIPA, Belgium."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2005.02.029","article-title":"Overview of mechanisms of cancer chemopreventive agents","volume":"591","author":"Ferguson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.10.015","article-title":"SPF enhancement provided by rutin in a multifunctional sunscreen","volume":"552","author":"Tomazelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2005.03.033","article-title":"Mechanisms and preclinical efficacy of silibinin in preventing skin cancer","volume":"41","author":"Singh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo_00000586","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of inhibition of photocarcinogenesis by silymarin, a phytochemical from milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn)","volume":"36","author":"Katiyar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-018-1828-6","article-title":"UVAphotoprotective potential of silymarin and silybin","volume":"310","author":"Michaelides","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vost\u00e1lov\u00e1, J., Tinkov\u00e1, E., Biedermann, D., Kosina, P., Ulrichov\u00e1, J., and Rajnochova Svobodov\u00e1, A. (2019). Skin Protective Activity of Silymarin and its Flavonolignans. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24061022"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2018.02.069","article-title":"One pot environmental friendly synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Punica Granatum Juice: A novel antioxidant agent for future dermatological and cosmetic applications","volume":"521","author":"Gubitosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246843","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1246843","article-title":"Lignin Valorization: Improving Lignin Processing in the Biorefinery","volume":"344","author":"Ragauskas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3231","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.0c00696","article-title":"Bioinspired Lignin-Polydopamine Nanocapsules with Strong Bioadhesion for Long-Acting and High-Performance Natural Sunscreens","volume":"21","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1080\/00908310490450971","article-title":"Estimating of Structural Composition of Wood and Non-Wood Biomass Samples","volume":"27","year":"2005","journal-title":"Energy Sources"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1998.43.6.1297","article-title":"Photochemical reactivity of dissolved lignin in river and ocean waters","volume":"43","author":"Opsahl","year":"1998","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2007.11.038","article-title":"Comparative antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of lignins from different sources","volume":"99","author":"Ugartondo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/02773819408003085","article-title":"Quantitative Phosphorus-31 NMR Analysis of Lignins, a New Tool for the Lignin Chemist","volume":"14","author":"Argyropoulos","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Wood Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.6b02003","article-title":"Cellulose-Lignin Biodegradable and Flexible UV Protection Film","volume":"5","author":"Sadeghifar","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16101","DOI":"10.1021\/ie402169g","article-title":"Preparation of Lignin-Based Superplasticizer by Graft Sulfonation and Investigation of the Dispersive Performance and Mechanism in a Cementitious System","volume":"52","author":"Lou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1021\/cm021162s","article-title":"Lignin\u2212Quinone Interactions: Implications for Optical Properties of Lignin","volume":"15","author":"Barsberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadeghifar, H., and Ragauskas, A. (2020). Lignin as a UV Light Blocker\u2014A Review. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12051134"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.177","article-title":"Preparation of organic acid lignin submicrometer particle as a natural broad-spectrum photo-protection agent","volume":"132","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15740","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.8b04101","article-title":"Facile and Green Preparation of High UV-Blocking Lignin\/Titanium Dioxide Nanocomposites for Developing Natural Sunscreens","volume":"57","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.2560","article-title":"Effects of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on caribbean reef-building coral (Montastraea faveolata)","volume":"33","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1039\/c9pp00366e","article-title":"Sunscreen: FDA regulation, and environmental and health impact","volume":"19","author":"Narla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, R.J., Bennett, S., Keller, A.A., Pease, S., and Lenihan, H.S. (2012). TiO2 Nanoparticles Are Phototoxic to Marine Phytoplankton. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030321"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.05.108","article-title":"Impact of inorganic UV filters contained in sunscreen products on tropical stony corals (Acropora spp.)","volume":"637","author":"Corinaldesi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"762","article-title":"Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: A risk for human health?","volume":"16","author":"Grande","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-012-0831-5","article-title":"Nano-sized cosmetic formulations or solid nanoparticles in sunscreens: A risk to human health?","volume":"86","author":"Nohynek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.2203\/dose-response.10-029.Hansen","article-title":"European Regulation Affecting Nanomaterials\u2014Review of Limitations and Future Recommendations","volume":"10","author":"Hansen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dose-Response"},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Europa ECoPH (What Are Potential Harmful Effects of Nanoparticles?, 2007). What Are Potential Harmful Effects of Nanoparticles?."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34705","article-title":"Neurotoxicity and gene-expressed profile in brain-injured mice caused by exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles","volume":"102","author":"Ze","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2007.05.047","article-title":"Effect of the combination of organic and inorganic filters on the sun protection factor (SPF) determined by in vitro method","volume":"340","author":"Couteau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2007.11.007","article-title":"Combination of UVA-filters and UVB-filters or inorganic UV filters\u2014Influence on the sun protection factor (SPF) and the PF-UVA determined by in vitro method","volume":"50","author":"Couteau","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macedo, A., Mendes, F., Filipe, P., Reis, S., and Fonte, P. (2021). Nanocarrier-Mediated Topical Insulin Delivery for Wound Healing. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14154257"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ddtec.2005.05.003","article-title":"Vesicles as a tool for transdermal and dermal delivery","volume":"2","author":"Bouwstra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today: Technol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700323","article-title":"Innovative Liposomes as a Transfollicular Drug Delivery System: Penetration into Porcine Hair Follicles","volume":"126","author":"Jung","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-009-1713-0","article-title":"Physicochemical characterization and skin permeation of liposome formulations containing clindamycin phosphate","volume":"32","author":"Shanmugam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Pharmacal Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2008.08.006","article-title":"Pig skin structure and transdermal delivery of liposomes: A two photon microscopy study","volume":"132","author":"Carrer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-973X.177833","article-title":"Prolonged drug delivery system of an antifungal drug by association with polyamidoamine dendrimers","volume":"6","author":"Jose","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Investig."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2010.06.007","article-title":"Development of nitrosyl ruthenium complex-loaded lipid carriers for topical administration: Improvement in skin stability and in nitric oxide release by visible light irradiation","volume":"53","author":"Santana","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3109\/09687688.2010.522203","article-title":"Interaction of nanoparticles and cell-penetrating peptides with skin for transdermal drug delivery","volume":"27","author":"Desai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Membr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2016.1182492","article-title":"Exploitation of lipid-polymeric matrices at nanoscale for drug delivery applications","volume":"13","author":"Sgorla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(02)00684-1","article-title":"Cosmetic applications for solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN)","volume":"254","author":"Wissing","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.2174\/157016308786733528","article-title":"New drug delivery systems based on chitosan","volume":"5","author":"Panos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Discov. Technol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2004.06.015","article-title":"Skin penetration and distribution of polymeric nanoparticles","volume":"99","author":"Naik","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.195024","article-title":"PLGA-loaded nanomedicines in melanoma treatment: Future prospect for efficient drug delivery","volume":"144","author":"Das","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"397","article-title":"The safety of nanoparticles in sunscreens: An update for general practice","volume":"45","author":"McSweeney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aust. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtchem.2021.100709","article-title":"Nanotechnology-based sunscreens\u2014A review","volume":"23","author":"Santos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Chem."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2013.07.014","article-title":"Quercetin deformable liposome: Preparation and efficacy against ultraviolet B induced skin damages in vitro and in vivo","volume":"127","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2008.02.049","article-title":"Second generation of drug nanocrystals for delivery of poorly soluble drugs: SmartCrystal technology","volume":"34","author":"Keck","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2016.03.004","article-title":"Dermal quercetin smartCrystals(R): Formulation development, antioxidant activity and cellular safety","volume":"102","author":"Hatahet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016121319668","article-title":"A Novel Phase Inversion-Based Process for the Preparation of Lipid Nanocarriers","volume":"19","author":"Heurtault","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.12.043","article-title":"Dermal quercetin lipid nanocapsules: Influence of the formulation on antioxidant activity and cellular protection against hydrogen peroxide","volume":"518","author":"Hatahet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.03.019","article-title":"Liposomes, lipid nanocapsules and smartCrystals\u00ae: A comparative study for an effective quercetin delivery to the skin","volume":"542","author":"Hatahet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1159\/000345210","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of the Effect of Permeation Enhancers, Lipid Nanoparticles and Colloidal Silica on in vivo Human Skin Penetration of Quercetin","volume":"26","author":"Scalia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ski. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2008.11.014","article-title":"Lecithin based nanoemulsions: A comparative study of the influence of non-ionic surfactants and the cationic phytosphingosine on physicochemical behaviour and skin permeation","volume":"370","author":"Hoeller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-018-1217-7","article-title":"In vitro SPF and Photostability Assays of Emulsion Containing Nanoparticles with Vegetable Extracts Rich in Flavonoids","volume":"20","author":"Cefali","year":"2018","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2015.09.016","article-title":"Cutaneous biocompatible rutin-loaded gelatin-based nanoparticles increase the SPF of the association of UVA and UVB filters","volume":"81","author":"Peres","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12470","article-title":"Development, characterization, and evaluation of sunscreen cream containing solid lipid nanoparticles of silymarin","volume":"17","author":"Netto","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1039\/C5GC02180D","article-title":"Reduction of lignin color via one-step UV irradiation","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1039\/C5GC02616D","article-title":"Towards lignin-based functional materials in a sustainable world","volume":"18","author":"Kai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.184","article-title":"Lignin for white natural sunscreens","volume":"122","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2658","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b05735","article-title":"Green and Facile Preparation of Regular Lignin Nanoparticles with High Yield and Their Natural Broad-Spectrum Sunscreens","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.C., Yoo, E., Lee, S.H., and Won, K. (2020). Preparation and Application of Light-Colored Lignin Nanoparticles for Broad-Spectrum Sunscreens. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12030699"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2016.08.027","article-title":"Use of Agave tequilana-lignin and zinc oxide nanoparticles for skin photoprotection","volume":"163","author":"Escalante","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598717","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.598717","article-title":"UVA-Triggered Drug Release and Photo-Protection of Skin","volume":"9","author":"Karisma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/13\/3\/493\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:49:59Z","timestamp":1760122199000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/13\/3\/493"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]]},"references-count":135,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["biom13030493"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom13030493","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]]}}}