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Foundation","award":["SFRH\/BD\/145054\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/145054\/2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low-grade inflammation is closely linked to obesity and obesity-related comorbidities; therefore, immune cells have become an important topic in obesity research. Here, we performed a deep phenotypic characterization of circulating T cells in people with obesity, using flow cytometry. Forty-one individuals with obesity (OB) and clinical criteria for bariatric surgery were enrolled in this study. We identified and quantified 44 different circulating T cell subsets and assessed their activation status and the expression of immune-checkpoint molecules, immediately before (T1) and 7\u201318 months after (T2) the bariatric surgery. Twelve age- and sex-matched healthy individuals (nOB) were also recruited. The OB participants showed higher leukocyte counts and a higher percentage of neutrophils. The percentage of circulating Th1 cells were negatively correlated to HbA1c and insulin levels. OB Th1 cells displayed a higher activation status and lower PD-1 expression. The percentage of Th17 and Th1\/17 cells were increased in OB, whereas the CD4+ Tregs\u2019 percentage was decreased. Interestingly, a higher proportion of OB CD4+ Tregs were polarized toward Th1- and Th1\/17-like cells and expressed higher levels of CCR5. Bariatric surgery induced the recovery of CD4+ Treg cell levels and the expansion and activation of Tfh and B cells. Our results show alterations in the distribution and phenotype of circulating T cells from OB people, including activation markers and immune-checkpoint proteins, demonstrating that different metabolic profiles are associated to distinct immune profiles, and both are modulated by bariatric surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14020219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T06:19:59Z","timestamp":1707718799000},"page":"219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Bariatric Surgery Induces Alterations in the Immune Profile of Peripheral Blood T Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0048-2615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Aryane","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Life Science, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"L\u00e1zaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Surgery Unit, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-061 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Group of Environmental Genetics of Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Diogo","family":"Paula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Surgery Unit, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-061 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 G.","family":"Tralh\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Surgery Unit, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-061 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Group of Environmental Genetics of Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6562-5859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-061 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Group of Environmental Genetics of Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Flow Cytometry Unit, Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra, 3000-076 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Laboratoriais, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5498-3899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria J.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6264-3632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1136-6118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Laranjeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for 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