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Methods: This study evaluated tumor samples from 40 female patients with luminal A and B breast cancer, utilizing flow cytometry to phenotypically characterize the immune cells and tumor cells present within the tumor tissue. Results: The luminal B-like tumor samples exhibited increased infiltration of CD4+ cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and Th17 cells and decreased levels of NK cells, \u03b3\u03b4 T cells, Th1 cells, and follicular T cells, which is indicative of a more immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Conclusions: These findings suggest that luminal B-like tumors have a microenvironment that is less supportive of effective anti-tumor immune responses compared to luminal A tumors. This study enhances the understanding of the immunological differences between luminal subtypes of breast cancer and identifies potential new therapeutic targets and biomarkers that could drive advancements in precision medicine for breast cancer management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15010078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T07:42:19Z","timestamp":1736235739000},"page":"78","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Early-Stage Luminal B-like Breast Cancer Exhibits a More Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment than Luminal A-like Breast Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1887-2771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T\u00e2nia","family":"Moura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Flow Cytometry Unit, Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de Coimbra, Avenida Bissaya Barreto, Bloco Hospitalar de Celas, n\u00ba 205, 3000-076 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Caramelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynecology Department, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de Coimbra, Praceta Prof. Mota Pinto, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flow Cytometry Unit, Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de Coimbra, Avenida Bissaya Barreto, Bloco Hospitalar de Celas, n\u00ba 205, 3000-076 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flow Cytometry Unit, Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de Coimbra, Avenida Bissaya Barreto, Bloco Hospitalar de Celas, n\u00ba 205, 3000-076 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Gon\u00e7alo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging Department, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de Coimbra, Praceta Prof. Mota Pinto, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Ant\u00f3nia","family":"Portilha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging Department, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de Coimbra, Praceta Prof. Mota Pinto, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3449-0522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o N.","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"University of Coimbra, CIBB, Faculty of Pharmacy, P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3766-4364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M.","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"CICECO\u2500Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1136-6118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Laranjeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flow Cytometry Unit, Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de Coimbra, Avenida Bissaya Barreto, Bloco Hospitalar de Celas, n\u00ba 205, 3000-076 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Group of Environmental Genetics of Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-061 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Sub-Unidade 1, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flow Cytometry Unit, Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de Coimbra, Avenida Bissaya Barreto, Bloco Hospitalar de Celas, n\u00ba 205, 3000-076 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Gynecology Department, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de Coimbra, Praceta Prof. Mota Pinto, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Medical Imaging Department, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de Coimbra, Praceta Prof. Mota Pinto, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Coimbra, ESTESC\u2014Coimbra Health School, Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Laboratoriais, Rua 5 de Outubro, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence 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