{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T01:03:15Z","timestamp":1773968595111,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]],"date-time":"2019-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), also known as protein translocation domains, membrane translocating sequences or Trojan peptides, are small molecules of 6 to 30 amino acid residues capable of penetrating biological barriers and cellular membranes. Furthermore, CPP have become an alternative strategy to overcome some of the current drug limitations and combat resistant strains since CPPs are capable of delivering different therapeutic molecules against a wide range of diseases. In this review, we address the recent conjugation of CPPs with nanoparticles, which constitutes a new class of delivery vectors with high pharmaceutical potential in a variety of diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9010022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,11]],"date-time":"2019-01-11T04:10:16Z","timestamp":1547179816000},"page":"22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":198,"title":["Combination of Cell-Penetrating Peptides with Nanoparticles for Therapeutic Application: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8164-2504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1964-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1964-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1283-1042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Vale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua J\u00falio Amaral de Carvalho, 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade (i3S), University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2004.10.010","article-title":"Cell-penetrating peptides: Mechanism and kinetics of cargo delivery","volume":"57","author":"Zorko","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/jmr.630","article-title":"A brief introduction to cell-penetrating peptides","volume":"16","author":"Lundberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mol. Recognit."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6446(04)03279-9","article-title":"The use of cell-penetrating peptides for drug delivery","volume":"9","author":"Temsamani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(88)90263-2","article-title":"Cellular uptake of the tat protein from human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"55","author":"Frankel","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16010","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.25.16010","article-title":"A truncated HIV-1 Tat protein basic domain rapidly translocates through the plasma membrane and accumulates in the cell nucleus","volume":"272","author":"Brodin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.5.1864","article-title":"Antennapedia homeobox peptide regulates neural morphogenesis","volume":"88","author":"Joliot","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10444","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)34080-2","article-title":"The third helix of the Antennapedia homeodomain translocates through biological membranes","volume":"269","author":"Derossi","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18188","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.30.18188","article-title":"Cell internalization of the third helix of the antennapedia homeodomain is receptor-independent","volume":"271","author":"Derossi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/bas015","article-title":"CPPsite: A curated database of cell penetrating peptides","volume":"2012","author":"Gautam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Database"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4311","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0910283107","article-title":"Activatable cell penetrating peptides linked to nanoparticles as dual probes for in vivo fluorescence and MR imaging of proteases","volume":"107","author":"Olson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.04.047","article-title":"Endosomal escape and the knockdown efficiency of liposomal-siRNA by the fusogenic peptide shGALA","volume":"32","author":"Sakurai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1039\/b904878b","article-title":"Systemic in vivo distribution of activatable cell penetrating peptides is superior to that of cell penetrating peptides","volume":"1","author":"Aguilera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Integr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1021\/mp400644e","article-title":"Prolongation of life in rats with malignant glioma by intranasal siRNA\/drug codelivery to the brain with cell-penetrating peptide-modified micelles","volume":"11","author":"Kanazawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2013.01.016","article-title":"Cell penetrating peptide tethered bi-ligand liposomes for delivery to brain in vivo: Biodistribution and transfection","volume":"167","author":"Sharma","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13003","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.24.13003","article-title":"The design, synthesis, and evaluation of molecules that enable or enhance cellular uptake: Peptoid molecular transporters","volume":"97","author":"Wender","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.03.031","article-title":"Targeting the brain with PEG-PLGA nanoparticles modified with phage-displayed peptides","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4402219","article-title":"Bax-inhibiting peptide protects cells from polyglutamine toxicity caused by Ku70 acetylation","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2016.1200059","article-title":"Enhancing antitumor activity of silver nanoparticles by modification with cell-penetrating peptides","volume":"45","author":"Valizadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.01.107","article-title":"Cell-penetrating peptide-conjugated lipid nanoparticles for siRNA delivery","volume":"444","author":"Asai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6210","DOI":"10.1021\/ja210569f","article-title":"Anticancer \u03b2-hairpin peptides: Membrane-induced folding triggers activityc","volume":"134","author":"Sinthuvanich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7270.2006.00239.x","article-title":"Application of cell penetrating peptide in magnetic resonance imaging of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin. (Shanghai)."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1952","article-title":"Tumour lineage-homing cell-penetrating peptides as anticancer molecular delivery systems","volume":"3","author":"Kondo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarkar, G., Curran, G.L., Mahlum, E., Decklever, T., Wengenack, T.M., Blahnik, A., Hoesley, B., Lowe, V.J., Poduslo, J.F., and Jenkins, R.B. (2011). A carrier for non-covalent delivery of functional beta-galactosidase and antibodies against amyloid plaques and IgM to the brain. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028881"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.107.131318","article-title":"Identification and Design of Peptides as a New Drug Delivery System for the Brain","volume":"324","author":"Demeule","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2011.05.007","article-title":"Cell-penetrating peptides can confer biological function: Regulation of inflammatory cytokines in human monocytes by MK2 inhibitor peptides","volume":"155","author":"Brugnano","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16582","DOI":"10.1021\/bi981219h","article-title":"Translocation of human calcitonin in respiratory nasal epithelium is associated with self-assembly in lipid membrane","volume":"37","author":"Schmidt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81843-7","article-title":"Intercellular trafficking and protein delivery by a herpesvirus structural protein","volume":"88","author":"Elliott","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(98)00161-8","article-title":"Cellular uptake of an \u03b1-helical amphipathic model peptide with the potential to deliver polar compounds into the cell interior non-endocytically","volume":"1414","author":"Oehlke","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3339","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02460","article-title":"Cationic cell-penetrating peptides interfere with TNF signalling by induction of TNF receptor internalization","volume":"118","author":"Welte","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cell. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12625","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M311461200","article-title":"A Stepwise Dissection of the Intracellular Fate of Cationic Cell-penetrating Peptides","volume":"279","author":"Fischer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1002\/psc.2672","article-title":"Cell penetration: Scope and limitations by the application of cell-penetrating peptides","volume":"20","author":"Reissmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-005-5293-y","article-title":"V Arginine-rich cell penetrating peptides: From endosomal uptake to nuclear delivery","volume":"62","author":"Melikov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M209548200","article-title":"Cell-penetrating peptides: A reevaluation of the mechanism of cellular uptake","volume":"278","author":"Richard","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.200500044","article-title":"Break on through to the Other Side\u2014Biophysics and Cell Biology Shed Light on Cell-Penetrating Peptides","volume":"6","author":"Fischer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chembiochem"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2015.10.004","article-title":"Mechanism Matters: A Taxonomy of Cell Penetrating Peptides","volume":"40","author":"Kauffman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3597","DOI":"10.2174\/138161205774580796","article-title":"Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Mechanisms and Applications","volume":"11","author":"Holm","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12416","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00164a017","article-title":"Interaction of antimicrobial dermaseptin and its fluorescently labeled analogues with phospholipid membranes","volume":"31","author":"Pouny","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706279","article-title":"Characterisation of cell-penetrating peptide-mediated peptide delivery","volume":"145","author":"Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10681","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00201a016","article-title":"Mode of Action of the Antibacterial Cecropin B2: A Spectrofluorometric Study","volume":"33","author":"Gazit","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2017.01.003","article-title":"Cell-Penetrating Peptides: From Basic Research to Clinics","volume":"38","author":"Guidotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2004.10.018","article-title":"Cationic TAT peptide transduction domain enters cells by macropinocytosis","volume":"102","author":"Kaplan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20030760","article-title":"Passage of cell-penetrating peptides across a human epithelial cell layer in vitro","volume":"377","author":"Lindgren","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2009.11.001","article-title":"Assessing the uptake kinetics and internalization mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides using a quenched fluorescence assay","volume":"1798","author":"Langel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33003","article-title":"Development of a Cell-penetrating Peptide that Exhibits Responsive Changes in its Secondary Structure in the Cellular Environment","volume":"6","author":"Yamashita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hitz, T., Iten, R., Gardiner, J., Namoto, K., Walde, P., and Seebach, D. (2006). Interaction of \u03b1- and \u03b2-oligoarginine-acids and amides with anionic lipid vesicles: A mechanistic and thermodynamic study. Biochemistry.","DOI":"10.1021\/bi060285d"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oba, M., Kato, T., Furukawa, K., and Tanaka, M. (2016). OPEN A Cell-Penetrating Peptide with a Guanidinylethyl Amine Structure Directed to Gene Delivery. Nat. Publ. Gr., 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19913"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1023\/B:PHAM.0000019289.61978.f5","article-title":"Cell penetrating peptides in drug delivery","volume":"21","author":"Snyder","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1038\/nm996","article-title":"Transducible TAT-HA fusogenic peptide enhances escape of TAT-fusion proteins after lipid raft macropinocytosis","volume":"10","author":"Wadia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3192-1","article-title":"Modulation of mitochondrial activity in HaCaT keratinocytes by the cell penetrating peptide Z-Gly-RGD(DPhe)-mitoparan","volume":"11","author":"Richardson","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1257","article-title":"Cell-penetrating peptides: A tool for effective delivery in gene-targeted therapies","volume":"66","author":"Freire","year":"2014","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.4155\/tde.13.22","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of cell-penetrating peptides","volume":"4","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ther. Deliv."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2014.04.015","article-title":"Cell penetrating peptides: Efficient vectors for delivery of nanoparticles, nanocarriers, therapeutic and diagnostic molecules","volume":"57","author":"Farkhani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"53. Dubuc, C., Savard, M., Bovenzi, V., Lessard, A., Fortier, A., C\u00f4t\u00e9, J., Neugebauer, W., Rizzolio, F., Geha, S., and Giordano, A. (2018). Targeting intracellular B2 receptors using novel cell-penetrating antagonists to arrest growth and induce apoptosis in human triple-negative breast cancer. Oncotarget, 9, 9885\u20139906.","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.24009"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Novel Peptide Delivers Plasmids across Blood-Brain Barrier into Neuronal Cells as a Single-Component Transfer Vector","volume":"8","author":"Fu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kristensen, M., and Nielsen, H.M. (2016). Cell-penetrating peptides as tools to enhance non-injectable delivery of biopharmaceuticals. Tissue Barriers, 4.","DOI":"10.1080\/21688370.2016.1178369"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6446(04)03042-9","article-title":"The use of cell-penetrating peptides as a tool for gene regulation","volume":"9","author":"Langel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201508445","article-title":"MiniAp-4: A Venom-Inspired Peptidomimetic for Brain Delivery","volume":"55","author":"Ciudad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2014.01.018","article-title":"Rational design of a series of novel amphipathic cell-penetrating peptides","volume":"464","author":"Regberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.1021\/jm901654x","article-title":"N-Methyl Phenylalanine-Rich peptides as highly versatile blood-brain barrier shuttles","volume":"53","author":"Malakoutikhah","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00e4ttig-T\u00fcnnemann, G., Prinz, M., Hoffmann, D., Behlke, J., Palm-Apergi, C., Morano, I., Herce, H.D., and Cardoso, M.C. (2011). Backbone rigidity and static presentation of guanidinium groups increases cellular uptake of arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides. Nat. Commun., 2.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1459"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.201600498","article-title":"Characterization of a Cell-Penetrating Peptide with Potential Anticancer Activity","volume":"12","author":"Gronewold","year":"2017","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05901","article-title":"Transvascular delivery of small interfering RNA to the central nervous system","volume":"448","author":"Kumar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2017.10.010","article-title":"Intranasal administration of neuromedin U derivatives containing cell-penetrating peptides and a penetration-accelerating sequence induced memory improvements in mice","volume":"99","author":"Funane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.09.027","article-title":"Dual-functional liposomes based on pH-responsive cell-penetrating peptide and hyaluronic acid for tumor-targeted anticancer drug delivery","volume":"33","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(02)00021-2","article-title":"The origin of pegnology","volume":"54","author":"Davis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alonso, M.J., and Couvreur, P. (2012). Chapter 1 Historical View of the Design and Development of Nanocarriers for Overcoming Biological Barriers. Nanostructured Biomaterials for Overcoming Biological Barriers, The Royal Society of Chemistry.","DOI":"10.1039\/9781849735292-00003"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1038\/263797a0","article-title":"Polymers for the sustained release of proteins and other macromolecules","volume":"263","author":"Langer","year":"1976","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.v19.i2.10","article-title":"Nanocapsule Technology: A Review","volume":"19","author":"Couvreur","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2008.12.004","article-title":"Nanoparticle-based targeted drug delivery","volume":"86","author":"Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.2174\/1385272820666161031161101","article-title":"Targeted Delivery of Lipid Nanoparticles by Means of Surface Chemical Modification","volume":"21","author":"Gaspar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.04.010","article-title":"Nanoparticles in drug delivery: Past, present and future","volume":"65","author":"Couvreur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2682","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.8b00292","article-title":"Cell-Penetrating Peptide-Patchy Deformable Polymeric Nanovehicles with Enhanced Cellular Uptake and Transdermal Delivery","volume":"19","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"1","article-title":"Peptide-Based Nanocarriers for Cancer Therapy","volume":"1700358","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2012.09.003","article-title":"Cell-penetrating peptides released from thermosensitive nanoparticles suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine response by specifically targeting inflamed cartilage explants","volume":"9","author":"Bartlett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7683","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b01992","article-title":"Contrast Agent Mass Spectrometry Imaging Reveals Tumor Heterogeneity","volume":"87","author":"Tata","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2015.12.031","article-title":"Recent advances in polymeric micelles for anti-cancer drug delivery","volume":"83","author":"Biswas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.03.058","article-title":"Precise glioma targeting of and penetration by aptamer and peptide dual-functioned nanoparticles","volume":"33","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1188\/16.CJON.S1.2-8","article-title":"Glioblastoma: Overview of Disease and Treatment","volume":"20","author":"Davis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. J. Oncol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.02.044","article-title":"Angiopep-conjugated poly(ethylene glycol)-co-poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) nanoparticles as dual-targeting drug delivery system for brain glioma","volume":"32","author":"Xin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2014.08.020","article-title":"Angiopep-2 and activatable cell penetrating peptide dual modified nanoparticles for enhanced tumor targeting and penetrating","volume":"474","author":"Mei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.1021\/mp500113p","article-title":"Angiopep-2 and activatable cell-penetrating peptide dual-functionalized nanoparticles for systemic glioma-targeting delivery","volume":"11","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2018.03.025","article-title":"Highly efficacious and specific anti-glioma chemotherapy by tandem nanomicelles co-functionalized with brain tumor-targeting and cell-penetrating peptides","volume":"278","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2018.09.012","article-title":"Design of multifunctional peptide collaborated and docetaxel loaded lipid nanoparticles for antiglioma therapy","volume":"132","author":"Kadari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.08.036","article-title":"Delivery of siRNA to the brain using a combination of nose-to-brain delivery and cell-penetrating peptide-modified nano-micelles","volume":"34","author":"Kanazawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12084","article-title":"Breast cancer as a systemic disease: A view of metastasis","volume":"274","author":"Redig","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clbc.2014.02.004","article-title":"Type of breast cancer diagnosis, screening, and survival","volume":"14","author":"Cedolini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.04.053","article-title":"In situ monitoring of doxorubicin release from biohybrid nanoparticles modified with antibody and cell-penetrating peptides in breast cancer cells using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy","volume":"71","author":"Hossain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00004","article-title":"Cell-Penetrating Peptide-Modified Gold Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Doxorubicin to Brain Metastatic Breast Cancer","volume":"13","author":"Morshed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.03.010","article-title":"Translocation of cell penetrating peptide engrafted nanoparticles across skin layers","volume":"31","author":"Patlolla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4185","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.24649","article-title":"Twin-Arginine Translocation Peptide Conjugated Epirubicin-Loaded Nanoparticles for Enhanced Tumor Penetrating and Targeting","volume":"104","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2017.1360325","article-title":"Paclitaxel-loaded nanoparticles decorated with bivalent fragment HAb18 F(ab\u2019)2 and cell penetrating peptide for improved therapeutic effect on hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"46","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12754","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.8b02276","article-title":"Intracellular Delivery of Gold Nanocolloids Promoted by a Chemically Conjugated Anticancer Peptide","volume":"3","author":"Kapur","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2014.11.029","article-title":"Tumor homing cell penetrating peptide decorated nanoparticles used for enhancing tumor targeting delivery and therapy","volume":"478","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17047","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1304987110","article-title":"Enhanced anticancer activity of nanopreparation containing an MMP2-sensitive PEG-drug conjugate and cell-penetrating moiety","volume":"110","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.8b00429","article-title":"Selective Uptake Into Drug Resistant Mammalian Cancer By Cell Penetrating Peptide-Mediated Delivery","volume":"29","author":"Carnevale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z.Y., Wang, Y.X., Lin, Y., Zhang, J.S., Yang, F., Zhou, Q.L., and Liao, Y.Y. (2014). Advance of molecular imaging technology and targeted imaging agent in imaging and therapy. Biomed Res. Int., 2014.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/819324"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6534","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2010.2637","article-title":"Cellular Internalization of Quantum Dots Noncovalently Conjugated with Arginine-Rich Cell-Penetrating Peptides","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201300613","article-title":"Enzyme-responsive cell-penetrating peptide conjugated mesoporous silica quantum dot nanocarriers for controlled release of nucleus-targeted drug molecules and real-time intracellular fluorescence imaging of tumor cells","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4718","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13578","article-title":"Synthesis of a cell penetrating peptide modified superparamagnetic iron oxide and MRI detection of bladder cancer","volume":"8","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.10.003","article-title":"Tumor-microenvironment controlled nanomicelles with AIE property for boosting cancer therapy and apoptosis monitoring","volume":"188","author":"Qian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3085","DOI":"10.1039\/C8BM00928G","article-title":"A potent, minimally invasive and simple strategy of enhancing intracellular targeted delivery of Tat peptide-conjugated quantum dots: Organic solvent-based permeation enhancer","volume":"6","author":"Yong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"1","article-title":"Involvement of IL-9 in Th17-Associated Inflammation and Angiogenesis of Psoriasis","volume":"8","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2016.02.003","article-title":"Lipid mediators of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis","volume":"29","author":"Brouwers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07201","article-title":"Origin and physiological roles of inflammation","volume":"454","author":"Medzhitov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6904","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b02330","article-title":"Nanoparticle-Assisted Transcutaneous Delivery of a Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3-Inhibiting Peptide Ameliorates Psoriasis-like Skin Inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2007.04.005","article-title":"Rheumatoid Arthritis: Diagnosis and Management","volume":"120","author":"Majithia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2018.06.020","article-title":"Dual-functional lipid polymeric hybrid pH-responsive nanoparticles decorated with cell penetrating peptide and folate for therapy against rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"130","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4793","article-title":"Two decades of new drug development for central nervous system disorders","volume":"14","author":"Kesselheim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2011.11.010","article-title":"Modern methods for delivery of drugs across the blood\u2013brain barrier","volume":"64","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s13233-013-1029-2","article-title":"Cell-penetrating peptide-modified PLGA nanoparticles for enhanced nose-to-brain macromolecular delivery","volume":"21","author":"Yan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Macromol. Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-013-1005-8","article-title":"Angiopep-conjugated nanoparticles for targeted long-term gene therapy of parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahlschwede, K.M., Curran, G.L., Rosenberg, J.T., Grant, S.C., Sarkar, G., Jenkins, R.B., Ramakrishnan, S., Poduslo, J.F., and Kandimalla, K.K. (2018). Cationic carrier peptide enhances cerebrovascular targeting of nanoparticles in Alzheimer\u2019s disease brain. Nanomedicine.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2018.09.010"}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/9\/1\/22\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:25:04Z","timestamp":1760185504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/9\/1\/22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["biom9010022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom9010022","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]}}}