{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T17:32:51Z","timestamp":1773509571782,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":180,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,17]],"date-time":"2019-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral mucosal lesions have many etiologies, including viral or bacterial infections, local trauma or irritation, systemic disorders, and even excessive alcohol and tobacco consumption. Folk knowledge on medicinal plants and phytochemicals in the treatment of oral mucosal lesions has gained special attention among the scientific community. Thus, this review aims to provide a brief overview on the traditional knowledge of plants in the treatment of oral mucosal lesions. This review was carried out consulting reports between 2008 and 2018 of PubMed (Medline), Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Database, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. The chosen keywords were plant, phytochemical, oral mucosa, leukoplakia, oral lichen planus and oral health. A special emphasis was given to certain plants (e.g., chamomile, Aloe vera, green tea, and coffea) and plant-derived bioactives (e.g., curcumin, lycopene) with anti-oral mucosal lesion activity. Finally, preclinical (in vitro and in vivo) and clinical studies examining both the safety and efficacy of medicinal plants and their derived phytochemicals were also carefully addressed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9030106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,18]],"date-time":"2019-03-18T12:18:53Z","timestamp":1552911533000},"page":"106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["Plant-Derived Bioactives in Oral Mucosal Lesions: A Key Emphasis to Curcumin, Lycopene, Chamomile, Aloe vera, Green Tea and Coffee Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6900-9797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bahare","family":"Salehi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam 44340847, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3314-8613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pia","family":"Lopez-Jornet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Murciano de Investigaci\u00f3nBiosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU), Cl\u00ednica Odontol\u00f3gica Universitaria Hospital Morales Meseguer Adv. Marques de los velez s\/n, 30008 Murcia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Pons-Fuster L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Murciaand, Cl\u00ednica Odontol\u00f3gica Universitaria Hospital Morales Meseguer, Adv. Marques de los velez s\/n, 30008 Murcia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1523-9116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Calina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Sharifi-Rad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol 61663-335, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0560-7154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karina","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Alarc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepcion 4070386, Chile"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Forman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepcion 4070386, Chile"}]},{"given":"Marcos","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepcion 4070386, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3183-7623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miquel","family":"Martorell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepcion 4070386, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3639-0528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Setzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5934-5201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nat\u00e1lia","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8633-2230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7301-8151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javad","family":"Sharifi-Rad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Safety Research Center (Salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35198-99951, Iran"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0714.2003.00031.x","article-title":"Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in elderly people in Santiago, Chile","volume":"32","author":"Espinoza","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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