{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T01:05:38Z","timestamp":1778029538072,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\u03b1- and \u03b2-pinene are well-known representatives of the monoterpenes group, and are found in many plants\u2019 essential oils. A wide range of pharmacological activities have been reported, including antibiotic resistance modulation, anticoagulant, antitumor, antimicrobial, antimalarial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-Leishmania, and analgesic effects. This article aims to summarize the most prominent effects of \u03b1- and \u03b2-pinene, namely their cytogenetic, gastroprotective, anxiolytic, cytoprotective, anticonvulsant, and neuroprotective effects, as well as their effects against H2O2-stimulated oxidative stress, pancreatitis, stress-stimulated hyperthermia, and pulpal pain. Finally, we will also discuss the bioavailability, administration, as well as their biological activity and clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9110738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T10:56:34Z","timestamp":1573728994000},"page":"738","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":577,"title":["Therapeutic Potential of \u03b1- and \u03b2-Pinene: A Miracle Gift of Nature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6900-9797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bahare","family":"Salehi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam 44340847, Iran"}]},{"given":"Shashi","family":"Upadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora-263643, Uttarakhand, India"}]},{"given":"Ilkay","family":"Erdogan Orhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Arun","family":"Kumar Jugran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Garhwal Regional Centre, Srinagar-246174, Uttarakhand, India"}]},{"given":"Sumali","family":"L.D. Jayaweera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Discipline of Laboratory Medicine, RMIT University, P.O. Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0129-3178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"A. Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Discipline of Laboratory Medicine, RMIT University, P.O. Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0378-8887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farukh","family":"Sharopov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Avicenna Tajik State Medical University, Rudaki 139, 734003 Dushanbe, Tajikistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0836-236X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasaman","family":"Taheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1991953381, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5934-5201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nat\u00e1lia","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Navid","family":"Baghalpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1991953381, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4174-4586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"C. Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Hong Kong, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7301-8151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javad","family":"Sharifi-Rad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol 61615-585, Iran"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14362","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201804009","article-title":"Pinenes: Abundant and Renewable Building Blocks for a Variety of Sustainable Polymers","volume":"57","author":"Winnacker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. 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