{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T15:43:58Z","timestamp":1772552638640,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Project TECH","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000043"]}]},{"name":"Project TECH","award":["NORTE2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE2020"]}]},{"name":"Project TECH","award":["UIDB\/05549\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05549\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Project TECH","award":["UIDP\/05549\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05549\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Fund for Regional Development (FEDER)","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000043"]}]},{"name":"European Fund for Regional Development (FEDER)","award":["NORTE2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE2020"]}]},{"name":"European Fund for Regional Development (FEDER)","award":["UIDB\/05549\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05549\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Fund for Regional Development (FEDER)","award":["UIDP\/05549\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05549\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000043"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["NORTE2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/05549\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05549\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDP\/05549\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05549\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomass"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study explores the extraction and utilization of tannins from Acacia sp. bark residues for water treatment applications. As a by-product of forest management, Acacia sp. bark is valorized through tannin-based coagulant production, contributing to the circular (bio)economy. A systematic review with bibliometric analysis was first conducted to assess the technical\u2013scientific landscape, identifying methodologies and technologies applied to extract and produce natural tannin-based coagulants from Acacia sp. bark residues for water treatment. From the portfolio of analyzed publications, and which followed the thematic axis addressed and the inclusion criteria, only a single study focuses on performing a life cycle assessment (LCA). Due to the relevance of the topic and the clear lack of existing literature, an environmental assessment of the extraction and production of condensed tannins was performed using the LCA methodology from a gate-to-gate perspective. Among the six process stages, spray drying and adsorption (purification) were the primary sources of environmental impact due to their high energy consumption and makeup ethanol use, respectively. The most effective strategy to enhance environmental performance would be reducing water consumption in extraction, thereby lowering energy demand in spray drying. Since both extraction and spray drying require significant energy, decreasing water use and allowing higher moisture content in the condensed tannin extract would mitigate energy consumption. The LCA study thus proved essential in guiding process development toward a reduced environmental footprint.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomass5010015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T04:55:08Z","timestamp":1741236908000},"page":"15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Environmental Assessment of Tannin Extraction from Bark Residues for Application in Water Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9762-0621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla L.","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TecMinho\u2014Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Universidade-Empresa para o Desenvolvimento, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alice B. P. Santos","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Design, Polytechnic Institute of Cavado and Ave (IPCA), 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4082-1762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana C.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PROMETHEUS, Unidade de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Materiais, Energia e Ambiente para a Sustentabilidade, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PROMETHEUS, Unidade de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Materiais, Energia e Ambiente para a Sustentabilidade, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3097-8849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Simoes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Design, Polytechnic Institute of Cavado and Ave (IPCA), 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal"},{"name":"2AI-School of Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Cavado and Ave (IPCA), 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.11.019","article-title":"Water footprint scenarios for 2050: A global analysis","volume":"64","author":"Ercin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. 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