{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T15:42:10Z","timestamp":1775490130520,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Miss\u00e3o Interface","award":["01\/C05-i02\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01\/C05-i02\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomass"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biomass liquefaction is a promising thermochemical route to convert lignocellulosic residues into bio-oil. This study evaluates the liquefaction behavior of 13 biomasses with varying particle sizes (0.3\u20132.0 mm) and moisture contents (5\u201311%) under mild solvolysis conditions. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-RID) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize bio-oil composition and biomass properties, respectively. Maximum conversion (72%) was achieved for Miscanthus, while Ulva lactuca reached only 23% due to its low carbohydrate content. Hemicellulose-rich feedstocks showed higher yields, whereas high lignin content generally reduced conversion. Furfural was the main compound identified in the aqueous phase (up to 51 g\/L), reflecting extensive pentose degradation. Laboratory and industrial-scale liquefaction of cork and eucalyptus revealed scale-dependent differences. Industrial cork bio-oil showed increased xylose (0.70 g\/L) and furfural (0.40 g\/L), while industrial eucalyptus exhibited elevated levels of acetic (0.46 g\/L) and formic acids (0.71 g\/L), indicating enhanced deacetylation and demethoxylation reactions. These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing feedstock selection and process conditions in biomass liquefaction. The valorization of lignocellulosic residues into bio-oil contributes to the development of scalable, low-carbon technologies aligned with circular economy principles and bio-based industrial strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomass5020036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T03:53:12Z","timestamp":1749786792000},"page":"36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Characterization of Liquefaction Products from Lignocellulosic and Aquatic Biomass"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5668-4152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Telma","family":"Moreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA\u2014Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente, Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Margarida","family":"Mateus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA\u2014Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente, Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"C5Lab-Sustainable Construction Materials Association, Edif\u00edcio Central Park, Rua Central Park 6, 2795-242 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5820-3669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds C.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LNEG\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Energia e Geologia, Estrada do Pa\u00e7o do Lumiar, 22, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9100-2700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Joana Neiva","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA\u2014Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente, Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"3552","article-title":"Biomass: A Sustainable and Versatile Resource for Energy and Chemicals","volume":"110","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2015.01.003","article-title":"Recent Progress in the Direct Liquefaction of Typical Biomass","volume":"49","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2009.11.038","article-title":"Overview of Recent Advances in Thermo-Chemical Conversion of Biomass","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Convers. 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