{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T10:13:32Z","timestamp":1777716812544,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomechanics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>According to the World Health Organization, one-third of elderly people aged 65 or over fall annually, and this number increases after 70. Several gait biomechanical parameters were associated with a history of falls. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review to identify and describe the gait biomechanical parameters related to falls in the elderly. MEDLINE Complete, Cochrane, Web of Science, and CINAHL Complete were searched for articles on 22 November 2023, using the following search sentence: (gait) AND (fall*) AND ((elder*) OR (old*) OR (senior*)) AND ((kinematic*) OR (kinetic*) OR (biomechanic*) OR (electromyogram*) OR (emg) OR (motion analysis*) OR (plantar pressure)). This search identified 13,988 studies. From these, 96 were selected. Gait speed, stride\/step length, and double support phase are gait biomechanical parameters that differentiate fallers from non-fallers. Fallers also tended to exhibit higher variability in gait biomechanical parameters, namely the minimum foot\/toe clearance variability. Although the studies were scarce, differences between fallers and non-fallers were found regarding lower limb muscular activity and joint biomechanics. Due to the scarce literature and contradictory results among studies, it is complex to draw clear conclusions for parameters related to postural stability. Minimum foot\/toe clearance, step width, and knee kinematics did not differentiate fallers from non-fallers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomechanics4010011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T11:26:59Z","timestamp":1709638019000},"page":"165-218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Gait Biomechanical Parameters Related to Falls in the Elderly: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2666-2596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jullyanne","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Desporto, Educa\u00e7\u00e3o F\u00edsica, Exerc\u00edcio e Sa\u00fade (CIDEFES), Universidade Lus\u00f3fona, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9047-268X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Atalaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias da Sa\u00fade (CrossI&D), Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade da Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa-Lisboa, Physiotherapy, 1300-125 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7628-0462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Abrantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Applied Communication, Culture, and New Technologies (CICANT), Universidade Lus\u00f3fona, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7641-5128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Aleixo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Desporto, Educa\u00e7\u00e3o F\u00edsica, Exerc\u00edcio e Sa\u00fade (CIDEFES), Universidade Lus\u00f3fona, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, October 07). Falls. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/falls."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2013.07.006","article-title":"Accidental falls, health-related quality of life and life satisfaction: A prospective study of the general elderly population","volume":"58","author":"Stenhagen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/42.1.17","article-title":"A prospective study of the relationship between feared consequences of falling and avoidance of activity in community-living older people","volume":"42","author":"Yardley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2015.06.035","article-title":"Falls and fractures: A systematic approach to screening and prevention","volume":"82","author":"Ambrose","year":"2015","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2007). WHO Global Report on Falls Prevention in Older Age, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15304","article-title":"Medical costs of fatal and nonfatal falls in older adults","volume":"66","author":"Florence","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Geriatrics Society, British Geriatrics Society, and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Panel on Falls Prevention (2001). Guideline for the prevention of falls in older persons. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 49, 664\u2013672.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2001.49115.x"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii37","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afl084","article-title":"Falls in older people: Epidemiology, risk factors and strategies for prevention","volume":"35","author":"Rubenstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.07.008","article-title":"Gait characteristics and falls in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Creaby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/26.4.261","article-title":"Circumstances and consequences of falls in independent community-dwelling older adults","volume":"26","author":"Berg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.07.010","article-title":"A systematic review of the effect of ageing and falls history on minimum foot clearance characteristics during level walking","volume":"32","author":"Barrett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aleixo, P., and Abrantes, J. (2015, January 26\u201328). 3D gait analysis in rheumatoid arthritis postmenopausal women with and without falls history. Proceedings of the IEEE 2015 4th Portuguese Meeting on Bioengineering (ENBENG), Porto, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/ENBENG.2015.7088880"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afr055","article-title":"Gait, gait variability and the risk of multiple incident falls in older people: A population-based study","volume":"40","author":"Callisaya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glp033","article-title":"Quantitative gait markers and incident fall risk in older adults","volume":"64A","author":"Verghese","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2008.05.001","article-title":"The gait deviation index: A new comprehensive index of gait pathology","volume":"28","author":"Schwartz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n160","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160","article-title":"PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, October 07). Integrated Care for Older People: Guidelines on Community-Level Interventions to Manage Declines in Intrinsic Capacity. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/258981."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Effective Public Health Practice Project (2022, October 07). Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. Available online: https:\/\/www.ephpp.ca\/quality-assessment-tool-for-quantitative-studies\/."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/69.11.923","article-title":"Balance performance and step width in noninstitutionalized, elderly, female fallers and nonfallers","volume":"69","author":"Heitmann","year":"1989","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"735","article-title":"Falls in the elderly: Part I, gait","volume":"71","author":"Gehlsen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9993(94)90170-8","article-title":"Quantitative gait assessment as a predictor of prospective and retrospective falls in community-dwelling older women","volume":"75","author":"Feltner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/50A.Special_Issue.64","article-title":"Strength is a major factor in balance, gait, and the occurrence of falls","volume":"50A","author":"Wolfson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1997.tb00946.x","article-title":"Gait changes in older adults: Predictors of falls or indicators of fear?","volume":"45","author":"Maki","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-199905000-00011","article-title":"Identification of kinetic differences between fallers and nonfallers in the elderly","volume":"78","author":"Lee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-1999-13303","article-title":"The functional ambulation performance of elderly fallers and non-fallers walking at their preferred velocity","volume":"13","author":"Nelson","year":"1999","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"109","article-title":"The Timed Get-up-and-Go test revisited: Measurement of the component tasks","volume":"37","author":"Wall","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.24893","article-title":"Gait variability and fall risk in community-living older adults: A 1-year prospective study","volume":"82","author":"Hausdorff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(00)90101-1","article-title":"Kinetic alterations independent of walking speed in elderly fallers","volume":"81","author":"Kerrigan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.18584","article-title":"Reduced hip extension during walking: Healthy elderly and fallers versus young adults","volume":"82","author":"Kerrigan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1080\/165019702760390374","article-title":"Ankle dorsiflexion delay can predict falls in the elderly","volume":"34","author":"Kemoun","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.11.1.40","article-title":"Gait abnormalities in elderly fallers","volume":"11","author":"Auvinet","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Aging Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1159\/000066506","article-title":"Step length variability at gait initiation in elderly fallers and non-fallers, and young adults","volume":"49","author":"Mbourou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0594.2005.00281.x","article-title":"Differential gait kinematics between fallers and non-fallers in community-dwelling elderly people","volume":"5","author":"Chiba","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20050387","article-title":"Gait characteristics of elderly people with a history of falls: A dynamic approach","volume":"86","author":"Barak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215506cr929oa","article-title":"Identification of healthy elderly fallers and non-fallers by gait analysis under dual-task conditions","volume":"20","author":"Toulotte","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karmakar, C., Khandoker, A., Begg, R., Palaniswami, M., and Taylor, S. (2007, January 22\u201326). Understanding ageing effects by approximate entropy analysis of gait variability. Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Lyon, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2007.4352703"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2011.628943","article-title":"Understanding ageing effects using complexity analysis of foot\u2013ground clearance during walking","volume":"16","author":"Karmakar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Engin."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1519\/00139143-200712000-00003","article-title":"Gait variables differentiating fallers from nonfallers","volume":"30","author":"Newstead","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrett, A., O\u2019Connor, M., Culhane, K., Finucane, A., and \u00d3Laighin, G. (2008, January 20\u201325). A footswitch evaluation of the gait of elderly fallers with and without a diagnosis of orthostatic hypotension and healthy elderly controls. Proceedings of the 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2008.4650361"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-5-4","article-title":"A comparative study on approximate entropy measure and poincar\u00e9 plot indexes of minimum foot clearance variability in the elderly during walking","volume":"5","author":"Khandoker","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2008.925071","article-title":"Investigating scale invariant dynamics in minimum toe clearance variability of the young and elderly during treadmill walking","volume":"16","author":"Khandoker","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130802567079","article-title":"Differentiating fall-prone and healthy adults using local dynamic stability","volume":"51","author":"Lockhart","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.3109\/02703181003775128","article-title":"Models to predict fall history and fall risk for community-dwelling elderly","volume":"28","author":"Greany","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Occup. Ther. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2918","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2010.2083659","article-title":"Quantitative falls risk assessment using the timed up and go test","volume":"57","author":"Greene","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2010.03061.x","article-title":"Foot pain, plantar pressures, and falls in older people: A prospective study","volume":"58","author":"Mickle","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.03.012","article-title":"Decreased gastrocnemius temporal muscle activation during gait in elderly women with history of recurrent falls","volume":"34","author":"Kirkwood","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurger.2010.11.007","article-title":"Postural stability in the elderly: Fallers versus non-fallers","volume":"2","author":"Latorre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.12.013","article-title":"Center of mass and base of support interaction during gait","volume":"33","author":"Lugade","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2011.01.004","article-title":"Mobility assessment: Sensitivity and specificity of measurement sets in older adults","volume":"92","author":"Panzer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scanaill, C., Greene, B., Doheny, E., O\u2019Donovan, K., O\u2019Shea, T., O\u00b4Donovan, A., Foran, T., Cunningham, C., and Kenny, R. (September, January 30). Clinical gait assessment of older adults using open platform tools. Proceedings of the 2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2011.6090065"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.09.100","article-title":"Fear of falling is associated with prolonged anticipatory postural adjustment during gait initiation under dual-task conditions in older adults","volume":"35","author":"Uemura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.03.007","article-title":"Altered center of mass control during sit-to-walk in elderly adults with and without a history of falling","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2013.07.002","article-title":"Sagittal plane center of mass movement strategy and joint kinetics during sit-to-walk in elderly fallers","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2013.03.001","article-title":"Variability in inter-joint coordination during walking of elderly adults and its association with clinical balance measures","volume":"28","author":"Chiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.09.022","article-title":"Backward walking measures are sensitive to age-related changes in mobility and balance","volume":"37","author":"Fritz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968313491004","article-title":"Does the evaluation of gait quality during daily life provide insight into fall risk? a novel approach using 3-day accelerometer recordings","volume":"27","author":"Weiss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3233\/IES-130491","article-title":"Lower limb strength is associated with gait biomechanical abnormalities in older female fallers and non-fallers","volume":"21","author":"Marques","year":"2013","journal-title":"Isokinet. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2013.01.004","article-title":"Association between energy cost of walking, muscle activation, and biomechanical parameters in older female fallers and non-fallers","volume":"28","author":"Marques","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-128","article-title":"The influence of fear of falling on gait variability: Results from a large elderly population-based cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Ayoubi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barelle, C., Houel, N., and Koutsouris, D. (2014, January 1\u20133). A cluster analysis approach for the determination of a fall risk level classification. Proceedings of the IEEE 19th International Workshop on Computer Aided Modeling and Design of Communication Links and Networks (CAMAD), Athens, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/CAMAD.2014.7033220"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12959","article-title":"Movement velocity is a sensitive risk factor of falls in high-functioning older adults","volume":"62","author":"Iwata","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.04.011","article-title":"Key joint kinematic characteristics of the gait of fallers identified by principal component analysis","volume":"47","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140353","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2014.0353","article-title":"Identification of functional parameters for the classification of older female fallers and prediction of \u2018first-time\u2019 fallers","volume":"11","author":"Taylor","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00022","article-title":"Gait disturbances as specific predictive markers of the first fall onset in elderly people: A two-year prospective observational study","volume":"6","author":"Mignardot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1590\/bjpt-rbf.2014.0085","article-title":"Balance, gait, functionality and strength: Comparison between elderly fallers and non-fallers","volume":"19","author":"Cebolla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz. J. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacAulay, R., Allaire, T., Brouillette, R., Foil, H., Bruce-Keller, A., Han, H., Johnson, W., and Keller, J. Longitudinal assessment of neuropsychological and temporal\/spatial gait characteristics of elderly fallers: Taking it all in stride. Front. Aging Neurosci., 2015.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2015.00034"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968314532031","article-title":"Identification of fall risk predictors in daily life measurements","volume":"29","author":"Rispens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2014.09.025","article-title":"Older adults who have previously fallen due to a trip walk differently than those who have fallen due to a slip","volume":"41","author":"Wright","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bounyong, S., Adachi, S., Ozawa, J., Yamada, Y., Kimura, M., Watanabe, Y., and Yokoyama, K. (2016, January 7\u201311). Fall risk estimation based on co-contraction of lower limb during walking. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCE.2016.7430634"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.01.009","article-title":"Sagittal plane momentum control during walking in elderly fallers","volume":"45","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.02.055","article-title":"The complexity of daily life walking in older adult community-dwelling fallers and non-fallers","volume":"49","author":"Ihlen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.01.015","article-title":"Analysis of dual-task elderly gait in fallers and non-fallers using wearable sensors","volume":"49","author":"Howcroft","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.12.037","article-title":"Older adults with a history of falls are unable to perform walking and prehension movements simultaneously","volume":"316","author":"Rinaldi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.08.002","article-title":"Changes in interlimb coordination during walking and grasping task in older adult fallers and non-fallers","volume":"55","author":"Rinaldi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.11.009","article-title":"Multiscale and shannon entropies during gait as fall risk predictors\u2014A prospective study","volume":"52","author":"Bizovskaa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13061","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13061","article-title":"Influence of focus of attention, reinvestment, and fall history on elderly gait stability","volume":"5","author":"Worms","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.03.031","article-title":"Effects of attentional focus on walking stability in the elderly","volume":"55","author":"Worms","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-016-0592-8","article-title":"Applying different mathematical variability methods to identify older fallers and non-fallers using gait variability data","volume":"29","author":"Marques","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2016.12.004","article-title":"The effects of a simultaneous cognitive or motor task on the kinematics of walking in older fallers and non-fallers","volume":"51","author":"Porto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Svoboda, Z., Bizovska, L., Janura, M., Kubonova, E., Janurova, K., and Vuillerme, N. (2017). Variability of spatial-temporal gait parameters and center of pressure displacements during gait in elderly fallers and non-fallers: A 6-month prospective study. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171997"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00302.2018","article-title":"The motor repertoire of older adult fallers may constrain their response to balance perturbations","volume":"120","author":"Allen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2018.09.009","article-title":"Identifying trippers and non-trippers based on knee kinematics during obstacle-free walking","volume":"62","author":"Benson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-174736","article-title":"Comparison of gait patterns in elderly fallers and non-fallers","volume":"26","author":"Kwon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Technol. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2018.08.006","article-title":"Is it possible to predict falls in older adults using gait kinematics?","volume":"59","author":"Marques","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howcroft, J., Lemaire, E., Kofman, J., and McIlroy, W. (2018). Dual-task elderly gait of prospective fallers and non-fallers: A wearable-sensor based analysis. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18041275"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2018.09.011","article-title":"Age and falls history effects on antagonist leg muscle coactivation during walking with balance perturbations","volume":"59","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.03.011","article-title":"Does local dynamic stability during unperturbed walking predict the response to balance perturbations? an examination across age and falls history","volume":"62","author":"Qiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01274","article-title":"Relationship between toe clearance strategy and regional regulation of rectus femoris muscle during swing phase in prolonged walking in young and older adults","volume":"9","author":"Watanabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.05.029","article-title":"Gait profile score identifies changes in gait kinematics in nonfaller, faller, and recurrent faller older adults women","volume":"72","author":"Bueno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-019-01210-w","article-title":"Gait symmetry in the dual-task condition as a predictor of future falls among independent older adults: A 2-year longitudinal study","volume":"31","author":"Gillain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afz113","article-title":"The role of attentional focus on walking efficiency among older fallers and non-fallers","volume":"48","author":"Mak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.06.010","article-title":"The relation between limb segment coordination during walking and fall history in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"93","author":"Yamagata","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2018.10.032","article-title":"The effects of fall history on kinematic synergy during walking","volume":"82","author":"Yamagata","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez, M., Gates, D., and Rosenblatt, N. (2020). The impact of obesity on gait stability in older adults. J. Biomech., 100.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109585"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamagata, M., Tateuchi, H., Shimizu, I., Saeki, J., and Ichihashi, N. (2021). The relation between kinematic synergy to stabilize the center of mass during walking and future fall risks: A 1-year longitudinal study. BMC Geriatr., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02192-z"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.05.012","article-title":"Structural and functional foot and ankle characteristics associated with falls in older people","volume":"88","author":"Pol","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadeghi, H., Shojaedin, S., Abbasi, A., Alijanpour, E., Vieira, M., Svoboda, Z., and Nazarpour, K. (2021). Lower-extremity intra-joint coordination and its variability between fallers and non-fallers during gait. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11062840"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2022.111918","article-title":"History of falls alters movement smoothness and time taken to complete a functional mobility task in the oldest-old: A case-control study","volume":"167","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nascimento, M., Gouveia, E., Gouveia, B., Marques, A., Martins, F., Przednowek, K., Fran\u00e7a, C., Peralta, M., and Ihle, A. (2022). Associations of gait speed, cadence, gait stability ratio, and body balance with falls in older adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192113926"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshida, K., Commandeur, D., Hundza, S., and Klimstra, M. (2022). Detecting differences in gait initiation between older adult fallers and non-fallers through multivariate functional principal component analysis. J. Biomech., 144.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2022.111342"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.35.265","article-title":"Validity of temporo-spatial characteristics of gait as an index for fall risk screening in community-dwelling older people","volume":"35","author":"Baba","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.04.009","article-title":"Push-off reactions in recovery after tripping discriminate young subjects, older non-fallers and older fallers","volume":"21","author":"Pijnappels","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.12.032","article-title":"Dynamic gait stability, clinical correlates, and prognosis of falls among community-dwelling older adults","volume":"92","author":"Bhatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M583","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/54.11.M583","article-title":"Gait characteristics as risk factors for falling from trips induced in older adults","volume":"54","author":"Pavol","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1080\/0014013031000139491","article-title":"Effects of age-related gait changes on the biomechanics of slips and falls","volume":"46","author":"Lockhart","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M428","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.7.M428","article-title":"Mechanisms leading to a fall from an induced trip in healthy older adults","volume":"56","author":"Pavol","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1519\/00139143-200712000-00015","article-title":"Relationship of frontal plane center of mass control variables to slip outcomes","volume":"30","author":"Espy","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.10.006","article-title":"Can stability really predict an impending slip-related fall among older adults?","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00699.2016","article-title":"Neuromuscular responses differ between slip-induced falls and recoveries in older adults","volume":"117","author":"Sawers","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00286.2018","article-title":"Neuromuscular determinants of slip-induced falls and recoveries in older adults","volume":"120","author":"Sawers","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruijn, S., Sloot, L., Kingma, I., and Pijnappels, M. (2022). Contribution of arm movements to balance recovery after tripping in older adults. J. Biomech., 133.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2022.110981"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Miranda, F., Wang, Y., Rasheed, R., and Bhatt, T. (2022). Near-fall detection in unexpected slips during over-ground locomotion with body-worn sensors among older adults. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093334"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2022.2146043","article-title":"Kinematic measures for recovery strategy identification following an obstacle-induced trip in gait","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-019-1063-z","article-title":"Effects of walking speed on gait biomechanics in healthy participants: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Fukuchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2005.12.004","article-title":"Methodology for determining the sensitivity of swing leg toe clearance and leg length to swing leg joint angles during gait","volume":"24","author":"Moosabhoy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.07.358","article-title":"Minimum toe clearance lower limb angle joints strategies within rheumatoid arthritis post-menopausal women","volume":"73","author":"Aleixo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2020.07.043","article-title":"Swing limb biomechanics and minimum toe clearance in rheumatoid arthritis post-menopausal women fallers and non-fallers","volume":"81","author":"Bhudarally","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toumi, H. (2022). Rheumatoid Arthritis, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.95728"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aleixo, P., and Abrantes, J. (2024). Proprioceptive and strength exercise guidelines to prevent falls in the elderly related to biomechanical movement characteristics. Healthcare, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12020186"},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dynamic joint stiffness: A critical review","volume":"Volume 175","author":"Berhardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Advances in Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.07.026","article-title":"Sit-to-stand of rheumatoid arthritis post-menopausal women vs. healthy post-menopausal\u2014Antero-posterior displacement of centre of gravity and centre of pressure","volume":"65","author":"Aleixo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.16.3.234","article-title":"A comparative analysis of the center of gravity and center of pressure trajectory path lengths in standing posture: An estimation of active stiffness","volume":"16","author":"Caron","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s40101-017-0147-5","article-title":"Adaptation effects in static postural control by providing simultaneous visual feedback of center of pressure and center of gravity","volume":"36","author":"Takeda","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Anthr."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.09.197","article-title":"Walking indoors, outdoors, and on a treadmill: Gait differences in healthy young and older adults","volume":"90","author":"Schmitt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Paolo, S., Lopomo, N., and Villa, F. (2021). Rehabilitation and return to sport assessment after anterior cruciate ligament injury: Quantifying joint kinematics during complex high-speed tasks through wearable sensors. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21072331"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, B., Ilg, W., Giese, M., and Ludolph, N. (2017). Validation of enhanced kinect sensor based motion capturing for gait assessment. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1101\/098863"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Springer, S., and Seligmann, G. (2016). Validity of the kinect for gait assessment: A focused review. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16020194"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.06.444","article-title":"Dynamic joint stiffness of the ankle in rheumatoid arthritis postmenopausal women fallers and non-fallers","volume":"57","author":"Aleixo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait Posture"}],"container-title":["Biomechanics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-7078\/4\/1\/11\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:09:38Z","timestamp":1760105378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-7078\/4\/1\/11"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"references-count":129,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["biomechanics4010011"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomechanics4010011","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-7078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-7078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]}}}