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in dopamine deficiency in the striatum. Given the estimated escalation in the number of people with PD in the coming decades, interventions aimed at minimizing morbidity and improving quality of life are crucial. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are intrinsic factors related to PD pathogenesis. Accumulating evidence suggests that patients with PD might benefit from various forms of exercise in diverse ways, from general health improvements to disease-specific effects and, potentially, disease-modifying effects. However, the signaling and mechanism connecting skeletal muscle-increased activity and brain remodeling are poorly elucidated. In this review, we describe skeletal muscle\u2013brain crosstalk in PD, with a special focus on mitochondrial effects, proposing mitochondrial dysfunction as a linker in the muscle\u2013brain axis in this neurodegenerative disease and as a promising therapeutic target. Moreover, we outline how exercise secretome can improve mitochondrial health and impact the nervous system to slow down PD progression. Understanding the regulation of the mitochondrial function by exercise in PD may be beneficial in defining interventions to delay the onset of this neurodegenerative disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10123228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T02:59:01Z","timestamp":1670900341000},"page":"3228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Exercise-Boosted Mitochondrial Remodeling in Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3842-092X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Maga\u00f1a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Blanquerna Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sport Sciences, Ramon Llull University, 08022 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8344-9182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia M.","family":"Deus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB\u2014Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Gin\u00e9-Garriga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blanquerna Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sport Sciences, Ramon Llull University, 08022 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Blanquerna Faculty of Health Sciences, Ramon Llull University, 08025 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9531-9580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel","family":"Montan\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blanquerna Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sport Sciences, Ramon Llull University, 08022 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Blanquerna Faculty of Health Sciences, Ramon Llull University, 08025 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1168-2444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana P.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB\u2014Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4150-564 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/539179a","article-title":"Neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"539","author":"Heemels","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-017-1686-y","article-title":"Epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"124","author":"Tysnes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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