{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T00:24:58Z","timestamp":1769300698009,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/SAU-NMC\/115700\/2009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/SAU-NMC\/115700\/2009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/123437\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/123437\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00215\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00215\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/00215\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00215\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0064\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0064\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomedicines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>GLP-1 is a gastro-intestinal hormone acting within the gut\/brain axis for energy balance regulation. We aimed to evaluate the role of the vagus nerve in whole-body energy homeostasis and in mediating GLP-1 effects. For this, rats submitted to truncal vagotomy and sham-operated controls underwent a comprehensive evaluation, including eating behavior, body weight, percentage of white (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT), resting energy expenditure (REE) and acute response to GLP-1. Truncal vagotomized rats had significantly lower food intake, body weight, body weight gain, WAT and BAT, with a higher BAT\/WAT ratio, but no significant difference in REE when compared to controls. Vagotomized rats also had significantly higher fasting ghrelin and lower glucose and insulin levels. After GLP-1 administration, vagotomized rats depicted a blunted anorexigenic response and higher plasma leptin levels, as compared to controls. However, in vitro stimulation of VAT explants with GLP-1 resulted in no significant changes in leptin secretion. In conclusion, the vagus nerve influences whole-body energy homeostasis by modifying food intake, body weight and body composition and by mediating the GLP-1 anorectic response. The higher leptin levels in response to acute GLP-1 administration observed after truncal vagotomy suggest the existence of a putative GLP-1-leptin axis that relies on the integrity of gut\u2013brain vagal pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11051322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T12:02:31Z","timestamp":1682942551000},"page":"1322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["GLP-1 Increases Circulating Leptin Levels in Truncal Vagotomized Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Tiago","family":"Morais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Research, UMIB-Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS-Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6947-4560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia S.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Research, UMIB-Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS-Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Research, UMIB-Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS-Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Diogo","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Research, UMIB-Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS-Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Research, UMIB-Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS-Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Centro Hospitalar de Entre o Douro e Vouga, 4520-220 Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Nora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Research, UMIB-Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS-Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Centro Hospitalar de Entre o Douro e Vouga, 4520-220 Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marcos C.","family":"Carreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBER de Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CB06\/03), Instituto Salud Carlos III, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, USC University Hospital Complex, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}]},{"given":"Felipe F.","family":"Casanueva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBER de Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CB06\/03), Instituto Salud Carlos III, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, USC University Hospital Complex, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0662-1831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana P.","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Research, UMIB-Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS-Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.10.008","article-title":"The role of the gut\/brain axis in modulating food intake","volume":"63","author":"Sam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.03.011","article-title":"The inhibitory effects of peripheral administration of peptide YY(3-36) and glucagon-like peptide-1 on food intake are attenuated by ablation of the vagal-brainstem-hypothalamic pathway","volume":"1044","author":"Abbott","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12643","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12643","article-title":"The role of the vagus nerve in appetite control: Implications for the pathogenesis of obesity","volume":"30","author":"Cork","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-010-1315-7","article-title":"Eating behavior in rats subjected to vagotomy, sleeve gastrectomy, and duodenal switch","volume":"14","author":"Kodama","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg. Off. J. Soc. Surg. Aliment. Tract"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-010-0075-5","article-title":"Vagal sparing surgical technique but not stoma size affects body weight loss in rodent model of gastric bypass","volume":"20","author":"Bueter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-020-05405-5","article-title":"Metabolic Effect of the Hepatic Branch of the Vagal Nerve in One-Anastomosis Gastric Bypass (OAGB)","volume":"44","author":"Llavero","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-0702(02)00182-0","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 evokes action potentials and increases cytosolic Ca2+ in rat nodose ganglion neurons","volume":"102","author":"Kakei","year":"2002","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci. Basic Clin."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1289","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00543.2005","article-title":"Ghrelin receptors in rat and human nodose ganglia: Putative role in regulating CB-1 and MCH receptor abundance","volume":"290","author":"Burdyga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0953-816x.2001.01628.x","article-title":"Expression and regulation of leptin receptor proteins in afferent and efferent neurons of the vagus nerve","volume":"14","author":"Buyse","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6551","DOI":"10.2174\/13816128113199990506","article-title":"Immunization against active ghrelin using virus-like particles for obesity treatment","volume":"19","author":"Andrade","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665122002695","article-title":"A new era in gut hormone-based pharmacotherapy for people with obesity","volume":"81","author":"Firman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bluher, M., Aras, M., Aronne, L.J., Batterham, R.L., Giorgino, F., Ji, L., Pietilainen, K.H., Schnell, O., Tonchevska, E., and Wilding, J.P.H. (2023). New insights into the treatment of obesity. Diabetes Obes. Metab.","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15077"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.09.010","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)","volume":"30","author":"Muller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.02.029","article-title":"Role of the glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor in the control of energy balance","volume":"100","author":"Hayes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j2499","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j2499","article-title":"Incretin based treatments and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"357","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19990111)403:2<261::AID-CNE8>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Distribution of pre-pro-glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor messenger RNAs in the rat central nervous system","volume":"403","author":"Merchenthaler","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1995.tb00650.x","article-title":"Distribution of GLP-1 binding sites in the rat brain: Evidence that exendin-4 is a ligand of brain GLP-1 binding sites","volume":"7","author":"Goke","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.09.010","article-title":"The gut hormones PYY 3-36 and GLP-1 7-36 amide reduce food intake and modulate brain activity in appetite centers in humans","volume":"14","author":"Salem","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.1.6421","article-title":"Repeated intracerebroventricular administration of glucagon-like peptide-1-(7-36) amide or exendin-(9-39) alters body weight in the rat","volume":"140","author":"Meeran","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-0174","article-title":"Peripheral and central GLP-1 receptor populations mediate the anorectic effects of peripherally administered GLP-1 receptor agonists, liraglutide and exendin-4","volume":"152","author":"Kanoski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14573","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.28719","article-title":"GLP-1 induces alpha cell proliferation and overrides leptin suppression induced by negative energy balance in vagotomized rats","volume":"120","author":"Morais","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803137","article-title":"The importance of acclimatisation and habituation to experimental conditions when investigating the anorectic effects of gastrointestinal hormones in the rat","volume":"30","author":"Abbott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"R1626","article-title":"Gastric volume detection after selective vagotomies in rats","volume":"274","author":"Phillips","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morais, T., Seabra, A.L., Patr\u00edcio, B.G., Guimar\u00e3es, M., Nora, M., Oliveira, P.F., Alves, M.G., and Monteiro, M.P. (2021). Visceral Adipose Tissue Displays Unique Metabolomic Fingerprints in Obesity, Pre-Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115695"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00104","article-title":"Subdiaphragmatic Vagotomy With Pyloroplasty Ameliorates the Obesity Caused by Genetic Deletion of the Melanocortin 4 Receptor in the Mouse","volume":"12","author":"Dezfuli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-016-0501-9","article-title":"Vagotomy diminishes obesity in cafeteria rats by decreasing cholinergic potentiation of insulin release","volume":"72","author":"Balbo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2016.08.001","article-title":"Brown adipose tissue: Updates in cellular and molecular biology","volume":"48","author":"Bargut","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vijgen, G.H., Bouvy, N.D., Leenen, L., Rijkers, K., Cornips, E., Majoie, M., Brans, B., and van Marken Lichtenbelt, W.D. (2013). Vagus nerve stimulation increases energy expenditure: Relation to brown adipose tissue activity. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077221"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2015.05.007","article-title":"Effects and mechanisms of auricular vagus nerve stimulation on high-fat-diet--induced obese rats","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2016.1257407","article-title":"Vagal afferent activation decreases brown adipose tissue (BAT) sympathetic nerve activity and BAT thermogenesis","volume":"4","author":"Madden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Temperature"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-0702(00)00217-4","article-title":"The vagus nerve in thermoregulation and energy metabolism","volume":"85","author":"Szekely","year":"2000","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci. Basic Clin."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-007-0021-z","article-title":"Fat storage is partially dependent on vagal activity and insulin secretion of hypothalamic obese rat","volume":"31","author":"Balbo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/415339a","article-title":"Leptin stimulates fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase","volume":"415","author":"Minokoshi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2005.10.009","article-title":"Leptin regulates insulin sensitivity via phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase signaling in mediobasal hypothalamic neurons","volume":"2","author":"Morton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-789x.2000.00007.x","article-title":"Neuroendocrine mechanisms regulating food intake and body weight","volume":"1","author":"McMinn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obes. Rev. Off. J. Int. Assoc. Study Obes."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012908","article-title":"Plasma ghrelin levels after diet-induced weight loss or gastric bypass surgery","volume":"346","author":"Cummings","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1117","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00035.2013","article-title":"The effect of exogenous GLP-1 on food intake is lost in male truncally vagotomized subjects with pyloroplasty","volume":"304","author":"Plamboeck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-0973","article-title":"Knockdown of GLP-1 Receptors in Vagal Afferents Affects Normal Food Intake and Glycemia","volume":"65","author":"Krieger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4473","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI75276","article-title":"The arcuate nucleus mediates GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide-dependent weight loss","volume":"124","author":"Secher","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"G920","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 inhibits gastric emptying via vagal afferent-mediated central mechanisms","volume":"273","author":"Imeryuz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"G984","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 inhibits gastropancreatic function by inhibiting central parasympathetic outflow","volume":"275","author":"Wettergren","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2016.03.009","article-title":"Short-term administration of the GLP-1 analog liraglutide decreases circulating leptin and increases GIP levels and these changes are associated with alterations in CNS responses to food cues: A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study","volume":"65","author":"Farr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20160803","article-title":"GLP-1 analogue-induced weight loss does not improve obesity-induced AT dysfunction","volume":"131","author":"Pastel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"407","article-title":"Twenty-four-week effects of liraglutide on body composition, adherence to appetite, and lipid profile in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"10","author":"Rondanelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Patient Prefer. Adher."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.177","article-title":"Treatment with a GLP-1 receptor agonist diminishes the decrease in free plasma leptin during maintenance of weight loss","volume":"39","author":"Iepsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"R910","article-title":"GLP-1 slows solid gastric emptying and inhibits insulin, glucagon, and PYY release in humans","volume":"277","author":"Naslund","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.K08E-091","article-title":"Acute effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 on hypothalamic neuropeptide and AMP activated kinase expression in fasted rats","volume":"55","author":"Seo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E568","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00296.2018","article-title":"Deletion of leptin receptors in vagal afferent neurons disrupts estrogen signaling, body weight, food intake and hormonal controls of feeding in female mice","volume":"316","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e130402","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.130402","article-title":"High-fat diet-induced vagal afferent dysfunction via upregulation of 2-pore domain potassium TRESK channel","volume":"4","author":"Grabauskas","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2011.265","article-title":"Hindbrain leptin and glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor signaling interact to suppress food intake in an additive manner","volume":"36","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3387","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-0558","article-title":"Leptin regulation of the anorexic response to glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor stimulation","volume":"55","author":"Williams","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G671","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00348.2017","article-title":"Lixisenatide requires a functional gut-vagus nerve-brain axis to trigger insulin secretion in controls and type 2 diabetic mice","volume":"315","author":"Charpentier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4072","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-1070","article-title":"Study of the potential association of adipose tissue GLP-1 receptor with obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"152","author":"Vendrell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1159\/000478872","article-title":"GLP-1\/GLP-1R Signaling in Regulation of Adipocyte Differentiation and Lipogenesis","volume":"42","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-019-0513-y","article-title":"Short-term GLP-1 receptor agonist exenatide ameliorates intramyocellular lipid deposition without weight loss in ob\/ob mice","volume":"44","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E521","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00052.2003","article-title":"Regulation of leptin secretion from white adipocytes by free fatty acids","volume":"285","author":"Cammisotto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.45.5.699","article-title":"Acute and chronic effect of insulin on leptin production in humans: Studies in vivo and in vitro","volume":"45","author":"Kolaczynski","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diabetes"}],"container-title":["Biomedicines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9059\/11\/5\/1322\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:26:16Z","timestamp":1760124376000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9059\/11\/5\/1322"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["biomedicines11051322"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines11051322","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]}}}