{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T23:24:30Z","timestamp":1773703470195,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Rehabilitation Research Center-Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UI\/BD\/151415\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/151415\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomedicines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low back pain is one of the main causes of motor disabilities and psychological stress, with the painful process encompassing sensory and affective components. Noxious stimuli originate on the periphery; however, the stimuli are recombined in the brain and therefore processed differently due to the emotional environment. To better understand this process, our objective was to develop a mathematical representation of the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) model of pain, covering the multidimensional representation of this phenomenon. Data from the Oswestry disability index; the short form of the depression, anxiety, and stress scale; and pain catastrophizing daily questionnaires were collected through online completion, available from 8 June 2022, to 8 April 2023 (1021 cases). Using the information collected, an artificial neural network structure was trained (based on anomaly detection methods) to identify the patterns that emerge from the relationship between the variables. The developed model proved to be robust and able to show the patterns and the relationship between the variables, and it allowed for differentiating the groups with altered patterns in the context of low back pain. The distinct groups all behave according to the main finding that psychological and pain events are directly associated. We conclude that our proposal is effective as it is able to test and confirm the definition of the IASP for the study of pain. Here we show that the fiscal and mental dimensions of pain are directly associated, meaning that mental illness can be an enhancer of pain episodes and functionality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11072042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T01:52:35Z","timestamp":1689904355000},"page":"2042","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Breaking Barriers: Artificial Intelligence Interpreting the Interplay between Mental Illness and Pain as Defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6765-6475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franciele","family":"Parolini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Rehabilitation Research (CIR), School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4382-0159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rcio","family":"Goethel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cristofthe","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences of the University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5811-0443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo J.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4528-4644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulysses F.","family":"Ervilha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Physical Activity Sciences, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 03828-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7394-7604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rubim","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Rehabilitation Research (CIR), School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4109-2939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Vilas-Boas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61729-2","article-title":"Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990\u20132010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"380","author":"Vos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30970-9","article-title":"Non-specific low back pain","volume":"389","author":"Maher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001036","article-title":"Emotional awareness and expression therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and education for fibromyalgia: A cluster-randomized controlled trial","volume":"158","author":"Lumley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-010-0258-9","article-title":"Interoception in anxiety and depression","volume":"214","author":"Paulus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Struct. 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