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Universit\u00e1rio","award":["2020.00215.CEECIND\/CP1600\/CT0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.00215.CEECIND\/CP1600\/CT0009"]}]},{"name":"CESPU\u2014Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Polit\u00e9cnico e Universit\u00e1rio","award":["AlignAgen-GI2-CESPU-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AlignAgen-GI2-CESPU-2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomedicines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Numerous pieces of evidence have supported the therapeutic potential of photobiomodulation (PBM) to modulate bone remodeling on mechanically stimulated teeth, proving PBM\u2019s ability to be used as a coadjuvant treatment to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). However, there are still uncertainty and discourse around the optimal PBM protocols, which hampers its optimal and consolidated clinical applicability. Given the differential expression and metabolic patterns exhibited in the tension and compression sides of orthodontically stressed teeth, it is plausible that different types of irradiation may be applied to each side of the teeth. In this sense, this study aimed to design and implement an optimization protocol to find the most appropriate PBM parameters to stimulate specific bone turnover processes. To this end, three levels of wavelength (655, 810 and 940 nm), two power densities (5 and 10 mW\/cm2) and two regimens of single and multiple sessions within three consecutive days were tested. The biological response of osteoblasts and periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts was addressed by monitoring the PBM\u2019s impact on the cellular metabolic activity, as well as on key bone remodeling mediators, including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor \u03ba-B ligand (RANK-L), each day. The results suggest that daily irradiation of 655 nm delivered at 10 mW\/cm2, as well as 810 and 940 nm light at 5 mW\/cm2, lead to an increase in ALP and OPG, potentiating bone formation. In addition, irradiation of 810 nm at 5 mW\/cm2 delivered for two consecutive days and suspended by the third day promotes a downregulation of OPG expression and a slight non-significant increase in RANK-L expression, being suitable to stimulate bone resorption. Future studies in animal models may clarify the impact of PBM on bone formation and resorption mediators for longer periods and address the possibility of testing different stimulation periodicities. The present in vitro study offers valuable insights into the effectiveness of specific PBM protocols to promote osteogenic and osteoclastogenesis responses and therefore its potential to stimulate bone formation on the tension side and bone resorption on the compression side of orthodontically stressed teeth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12010180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T04:03:26Z","timestamp":1705291406000},"page":"180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Optimization of a Photobiomodulation Protocol to Improve the Cell Viability, Proliferation and Protein Expression in Osteoblasts and Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts for Accelerated Orthodontic Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Aline","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIPRO\u2014Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS), University of Minho, Campus Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4116-6237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisca","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS), University of Minho, Campus Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS), University of Minho, Campus Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIPRO\u2014Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8962-0710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana O.","family":"Catarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS), University of Minho, Campus Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9447-8739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d3scar","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS), University of Minho, Campus Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5630-6621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Padr\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), Department of Textile Engineering, University of Minho, Azur\u00e9m Campus, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5299-4164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Zille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), Department of Textile Engineering, University of Minho, Azur\u00e9m Campus, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0012-6626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIPRO\u2014Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"},{"name":"IBMC\u2014Instituto Biologia Molecular e Celular, i3S\u2014Instituto de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o e Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Filipe S.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS), University of Minho, Campus Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"862","article-title":"Systematic Review of Orthodontic Treatment Management with Photobiomodulation Therapy","volume":"37","author":"Cronshaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photobiomodul. 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