{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T19:16:50Z","timestamp":1776885410769,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP), Ministry of Finance, the Republic of Indonesia","award":["2018K1A4A3A01064257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018K1A4A3A01064257"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","award":["2018K1A4A3A01064257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018K1A4A3A01064257"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomedicines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Osteogenic and angiogenic properties of synthetic bone grafts play a crucial role in the restoration of bone defects. Angiogenesis is recognised for its support in bone regeneration, particularly in larger defects. The objective of this study is to evaluate the new bone formation and neovascularisation of a 3D-printed isosorbide-based novel CSMA-2 polymer in biomimetic gyroid structures. Methods: The gyroid scaffolds were fabricated by 3D printing CSMA-2 polymers with different hydroxyapatite (HA) filler concentrations using the digital light processing (DLP) method. A small animal subcutaneous model and a rat calvaria critical-size defect model were performed to analyse tissue compatibility, angiogenesis, and new bone formation. Results: The in vivo results showed good biocompatibility of the 3D-printed gyroid scaffolds with no visible prolonged inflammatory reaction. Blood vessels were found to infiltrate the pores from day 7 of the implantation. New bone formation was confirmed with positive MT staining and BMP-2 expression, particularly on scaffolds with 10% HA. Bone volume was significantly higher in the CSMA-2 10HA group compared to the sham control group. Discussion and Conclusions: The results of the subcutaneous model demonstrated a favourable tissue response, including angiogenesis and fibrous tissue, indicative of the early wound healing process. The results from the critical-size defect model showcased new bone formation, as confirmed by micro-CT imaging and immunohistochemistry. The combination of CSMA-2 as the 3D printing material and the gyroid as the 3D structure was found to support essential events in bone healing, specifically angiogenesis and osteogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12030609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T11:33:06Z","timestamp":1709811186000},"page":"609","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["In Vivo Osteogenic and Angiogenic Properties of a 3D-Printed Isosorbide-Based Gyroid Scaffold Manufactured via Digital Light Processing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Fiona","family":"Verisqa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK"}]},{"given":"Jeong-Hui","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea"}]},{"given":"Nandin","family":"Mandakhbayar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia"}]},{"given":"Jae-Ryung","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8532-8296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK"},{"name":"UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea"}]},{"given":"Hae-Won","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3917-3446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan C.","family":"Knowles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smaim.2020.10.003","article-title":"High strength porous PLA gyroid scaffolds manufactured via fused deposition modeling for tissue-engineering applications","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Smart Mater. 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