{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T11:24:16Z","timestamp":1761218656008,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER)","award":["IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004","UIDB\/4255\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004","UIDB\/4255\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese funds","award":["IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004","UIDB\/4255\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004","UIDB\/4255\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National Funds through FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004","UIDB\/4255\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004","UIDB\/4255\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomedicines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research explores the therapeutic efficacy of Darunavir (DRV), Rilpivirine (RPV), and Etravirine (ETV) against UM-UC-5 bladder cancer cells, addressing the critical need for innovative treatments in bladder cancer research. Through a comprehensive assessment of their individual and combined effects across diverse time intervals, ETV emerges as the most potent drug, with a lowest IC50 of 5.9 \u00b5M, closely followed by RPV (lowest IC50 of 9.6 \u00b5M), while DRV exhibits the least effectiveness (lowest IC50 of 25.6 \u00b5M). Notably, a significant synergistic effect is evident in the ETV and RPV combination, especially at 48 and 72 h for low concentrations. Synergies are also observed with ETV and DRV, albeit to a lesser extent and primarily at 48 h. Conversely, the DRV and RPV combination yields minimal effects, predominantly additive in nature. In summary, this pre-clinical investigation underscores the promising therapeutic potential of ETV and RPV, both as standalone treatments and in combination, hinting at repurposing opportunities in bladder cancer therapy, which could give a new treatment method for this disease that is faster and without as severe side effects as anticancer drugs. These findings represent a substantial stride in advancing personalized medicine within cancer research and will be further scrutinized in forthcoming studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12030647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T05:43:30Z","timestamp":1710395010000},"page":"647","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Exploring Darunavir, Rilpivirine and Etravirine as Potential Therapies for Bladder Cancer: Efficacy and Synergistic Effects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8202-1459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PerMed Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Dr. Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2014School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1283-1042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Vale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PerMed Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Dr. Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Observatory, G.C. 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