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The findings by Huggins and Hodges establishing PCa as a hormone-sensitive cancer have provided the basis for using estrogens in therapy. However, despite the clinical efficacy in suppressing tumor growth and the panoply of experimental evidence describing its anticarcinogenic effects, estrogens were abolished from PCa treatment because of the adverse secondary effects. Notwithstanding, research work over the years has continued investigating the effects of estrogens, reporting their pros and cons in prostate carcinogenesis. In contrast with the beneficial therapeutic effects, many reports have implicated estrogens in the disruption of prostate cell fate and tissue homeostasis. On the other hand, epidemiological data demonstrating the lower incidence of PCa in Eastern countries associated with a higher consumption of phytoestrogens support the beneficial role of estrogens in counteracting cancer development. Many studies have investigated the effects of phytoestrogens and the underlying mechanisms of action, which may contribute to developing safe estrogen-based anti-PCa therapies. This review compiles the existing data on the anti- and protumorigenic actions of estrogens and summarizes the anticancer effects of several phytoestrogens, highlighting their promising features in PCa treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12081636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T08:47:17Z","timestamp":1721810837000},"page":"1636","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Pros and Cons of Estrogens in Prostate Cancer: An Update with a Focus on Phytoestrogens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0901-9931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00edlia I.","family":"Figueira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9095-1413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago M. A.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5015-6642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Mac\u00e1rio-Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Henrique J.","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"C\u00e1tia V.","family":"Vaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3333-5977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana P.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8181-488X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00edlvia","family":"Socorro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ctdb.2016.12.005","article-title":"Estrogen Hormone Biology","volume":"125","author":"Hamilton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. 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