{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T13:28:13Z","timestamp":1769520493779,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beira Interior University\u2014Health Sciences Research Centre"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomedicines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urine is an organic fluid produced by the kidney, and its analysis is one of the most requested laboratory tests by clinicians. The ionic composition of urine has been shown to be a good health indicator: it is useful for the diagnosis of several diseases, as well as monitoring therapeutics. This review considers laboratorial techniques that have been used throughout time for the quantification of ions in urine, and also considers some methodologies that can potentially be used in clinical laboratories for this kind of analysis. Those methods include gravimetry, titration, flame emission spectrophotometry (flame photometry), fluorimetry, potentiometry (ion selective electrodes), ion chromatography, electrophoresis, kinetic colorimetric tests, enzymatic colorimetric tests, flow cytometry, atomic absorption, plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and paper-based devices. Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and magnesium are among the most important physiological ions, and their determination is frequently requested in hospitals. There have been many advances regarding the analysis of these ions in 24 h urine. However, there is still some way to go concerning the importance of intracellular ions in this type of sample as well as the use of occasional urine for monitoring these parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12081848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T05:23:27Z","timestamp":1723613007000},"page":"1848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Quantification of Ions in Human Urine\u2014A Review for Clinical Laboratories"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4897-4739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Rita","family":"Ferr\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio Cova da Beira, EPE, 6200 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Pestana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio Cova da Beira, EPE, 6200 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"L\u00edgia","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Labfit-HPRD, 6200 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9311-8355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Palmeira-de-Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Labfit-HPRD, 6200 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Palmeira-de-Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Labfit-HPRD, 6200 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Martinez-de-Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1940.00190100141006","article-title":"The Formation of Urine","volume":"65","author":"Edwards","year":"1940","journal-title":"Arch. 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