{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T08:10:53Z","timestamp":1762762253887,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"name":"LAETA"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomedicines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Understanding vascular development and the key factors involved in regulating angiogenesis\u2014the growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature\u2014is crucial for developing therapeutic approaches to promote wound healing. Computational techniques offer valuable insights into improving angiogenic strategies, leading to enhanced tissue regeneration and improved outcomes for chronic wound healing. While chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) models are widely used for examining fundamental mechanisms in vascular development, they lack quantification of essential parameters such as blood flow rate, intravascular pressure, and changes in vessel diameter. Methods: To address this limitation, the current study develops a novel two-dimensional mathematical model of angiogenesis, integrating discrete and continuous modelling approaches to capture intricate cellular interactions and provide detailed information about the capillary network\u2019s structure. The proposed hybrid meshless-based model simulates sprouting angiogenesis using the in vivo CAM system. Results: The model successfully predicts the branching process with a total capillary volume fraction deviation of less than 15% compared to experimental data. Additionally, it implements blood flow through the capillary network and calculates the distribution of intravascular pressure and vessel wall shear stress. An adaptive network is introduced to consider capillary responses to hemodynamic and metabolic stimuli, reporting structural diameter changes across the generated vasculature network. The model demonstrates its robustness by verifying numerical outcomes, revealing statistically significant differences with deviations in key parameters, including diameter, wall shear stress (p &lt; 0.05), circumferential wall stress, and metabolic stimuli (p &lt; 0.01). Conclusion: With its strong predictive capability in simulating intravascular flow and its ability to provide both quantitative and qualitative assessments, this research enhances our understanding of angiogenesis by introducing a biologically relevant network that addresses the functional demands of the tissue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12122845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T09:17:58Z","timestamp":1734340678000},"page":"2845","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Angiogenesis Dynamics: A Computational Model of Intravascular Flow Within a Structural Adaptive Vascular Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5776-0014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahar Jafari","family":"Nivlouei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INEGI\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia Industrial, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INEGI\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia Industrial, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0539-7057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Belinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEP\u2014Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Naside","family":"Mangir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, 06230 Ankara, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Sheila","family":"MacNeil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kroto Research Institute, Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, North Campus, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3844-1667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christiane","family":"Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1361-4605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando Jorge","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"Natal Jorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAETA\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado de Energia, Transportes e Aeron\u00e1utica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-165 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FEUP\u2014Faculdade de Engenharia, Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-165 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Davenport, T.E., Kulig, K., Sebelski, C.A., Gordon, J., and Watts, H.G. 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