{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:40:18Z","timestamp":1759970418751,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/0070972020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/0070972020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["UIDB\/0070972020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/0070972020"]}]},{"name":"Regional Operational Program of the Center","award":["UIDB\/0070972020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/0070972020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomedicines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and magnesium in urine are useful biomarkers and are commonly evaluated in patients with different conditions. Urinary tract infections are among the most common diseases worldwide. However, their treatment poses significant challenges, particularly in hospitals, primarily due to antibiotic resistance and recurrence. Objectives: To evaluate the relationship between ion concentrations in urine and the presence of infection. Methods: A total of 175 random urine samples were collected from patients who had a request for urine culture at the Cova da Beira University Hospital Centre in Portugal. In vitro contamination was also conducted, in which ten negative urine cultures were contaminated with an Escherichia coli strain to evaluate the direct effect of its presence on the concentration of the ions. Results: In total, 61 samples were found to be positive, following a consensual quantitative definition. For Ca, there was a significant association between its concentrations in positive and negative cultures. In ten negative urine cultures experimentally contaminated with an Escherichia coli strain, bacterial growth did not seem to affect the concentration of ions. In vitro contaminated samples were also inoculated on MacConkey agar and incubated. The results showed that Gram-negative bacteria do not seem to proliferate in environments with low Ca concentrations. Conclusions: The presence of higher concentrations of Ca may facilitate the multiplication of Gram-negative bacteria, which can potentially result in depletion of Ca in vivo to putatively potentiate an inflammatory response. The concentration of Na, K, Cl, and Mg does not seem to have any relationship with UTIs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13020253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T04:19:51Z","timestamp":1737433191000},"page":"253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electrolyte Concentration in Urine and Urinary Infection\u2014Is There Any Relation?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4897-4739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Rita","family":"Ferr\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio Cova da Beira EPE, Quinta do Alvito, 6200-251 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"RISE-Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7333-7435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Pestana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio Cova da Beira EPE, Quinta do Alvito, 6200-251 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"RISE-Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"L\u00edgia","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Labfit\u2013Health Products Research and Development Lda, Edif\u00edcio Ubimedical, 6200-284 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9311-8355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Palmeira-de-Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Labfit\u2013Health Products Research and Development Lda, Edif\u00edcio Ubimedical, 6200-284 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Palmeira-de-Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE-Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Labfit\u2013Health Products Research and Development Lda, Edif\u00edcio Ubimedical, 6200-284 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Martinez-de-Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE-Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3432","article-title":"Urinary tract infections: Epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options","volume":"13","author":"Walker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"313","article-title":"Recurrent urinary tract infections in women","volume":"3","author":"Sotelo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. 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