{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T21:39:06Z","timestamp":1774042746795,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centre for Collective Use IPAC RAS","award":["FFSG-2024-0020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FFSG-2024-0020"]}]},{"name":"PhytoApp EU framework","award":["101007642"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101007642"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomedicines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder for which no curative therapies currently exist. Experimental models employing 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) reproduce PD features such as striatal dopaminergic dysfunction and motor deficits. Various MPTP dosing regimens are used to screen drug candidates for PD, but their validity is limited because of the predominant use of young male animals. Sex bias is another issue that is underrepresented in PD research, since females are more susceptible to this pathology. Here, we studied the model of bolus administration of MPTP (30 mg\/kg) in aged female mice and assessed its sensitivity to the antioxidants fullerene C60 and fullerenol C60(OH)24, given that oxidative stress is a key contributor to PD. Methods: 12-month-old female C57BL\/6 mice received fullerene (0.1 mg\/kg\/day, via diet) or fullerenol (0.15 mg\/kg\/day, via drinking water). On day 10, mice were injected with MPTP. We studied tremor, piloerection, and behavior in the pole test, rotarod, pole test, and open field. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to study dopaminergic neurotransmission, and the expression levels of its molecular regulators and nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-related targets were investigated using RT-PCR in the striatum and cortex. Results: MPTP-challenged mice displayed profound impairment in markers of dopaminergic neurotransmission and cellular distress, and showed disrupted motor behavior and vegetative functions. Antioxidant-treated animals that received a bolus injection of MPTP demonstrated partial preservation of tremor response, dopaminergic parameters, and iNOS and nNOS gene expression, although motor performance in the pole test was only modestly improved. Fullerenol appeared more effective in decreasing MPTP-induced neurochemical changes. Conclusions: The applied MPTP model showed its validity in mimicking PD features and was sensitive to low doses of antioxidants, suggesting its usefulness for screening drugs that target oxidative and nitrosative stress. The neuroprotective effects of fullerene-based compounds suggest their potential utility in the treatment of PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13102425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T11:53:37Z","timestamp":1759492417000},"page":"2425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Bolus MPTP Injection in Aged Mice to Mimic Parkinson Disease: Effects of Low-Dose Antioxidant Treatment with Fullerene (C60) and Fullerenol (C60(OH)24)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9937-5600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatyana","family":"Strekalova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Alisa","family":"Burova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, 75006 Paris, France"},{"name":"Neuroplast B.V., 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Gorlova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Education Resource Center, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0258-1879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirill","family":"Chaprov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Chernogolovka, Russia"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Khizeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Chernogolovka, Russia"}]},{"given":"Joana E.","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Gulbenkian Institute for Molecular Medicine, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Evgeniy","family":"Svirin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroplast B.V., 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Polina","family":"Novikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"given":"Lia","family":"Ohanyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Toxinology, Orbely Institute of Physiology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0028, Armenia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7583-1464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes J. M. P.","family":"de Munter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroplast B.V., 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7588-2277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naira","family":"Ayvazyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Toxinology, Orbely Institute of Physiology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0028, Armenia"}]},{"given":"Luisa V.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Gulbenkian Institute for Molecular Medicine, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Aleksei","family":"Umriukhin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7638-4162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gohar","family":"Arajyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology and Pathohistology laboratory, Scientific Technological Center of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan 0019, Armenia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7667-0604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harry W. M.","family":"Steinbusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6229 HA Maastricht, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-025-01218-6","article-title":"Neurodegeneration in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Are We Looking at the Right Spot?","volume":"18","author":"Rocha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13262","article-title":"Progression in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Variation in Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms Severity and Predictors of Decline in Cognition, Motor Function, Disability, and Health-Related Quality of Life as Assessed by Two Different Methods","volume":"8","author":"Bugalho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov. 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