{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T14:22:22Z","timestamp":1775744542597,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]],"date-time":"2021-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FCT\/02\/SAICT\/2017\/030625"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT\/02\/SAICT\/2017\/030625"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomedicines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cadherins are calcium-binding proteins with a pivotal role in cell adhesion and tissue homeostasis. The cadherin-dependent mechanisms of cell adhesion and migration are exploited by cancer cells, contributing to tumor invasiveness and dissemination. In particular, cadherin switch is a hallmark of epithelial to mesenchymal transition, a complex development process vastly described in the progression of most epithelial cancers. This is characterized by drastic changes in cell polarity, adhesion, and motility, which lead from an E-cadherin positive differentiated epithelial state into a dedifferentiated mesenchymal-like state, prone to metastization and defined by N-cadherin expression. Although vastly explored in epithelial cancers, how these mechanisms contribute to the pathogenesis of other non-epithelial tumor types is poorly understood. Herein, the current knowledge on cadherin expression in normal development in parallel to tumor pathogenesis is reviewed, focusing on epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Emphasis is taken in the unascertained cadherin expression in CNS tumors, particularly in gliomas, where the potential contribution of an epithelial-to-mesenchymal-like process to glioma genesis and how this may be associated with changes in cadherin expression is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9101328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T01:59:47Z","timestamp":1632707987000},"page":"1328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Cadherin Expression and EMT: A Focus on Gliomas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Carolina","family":"Noronha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Department, Hospital de Santo Ant\u00f3nio, Centro Hospitalar Universitario do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Cancer Metastasis Group, i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9698-9233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Sofia","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Metastasis Group, i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9260-0227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Taipa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropathology Unit, Hospital de Santo Ant\u00f3nio, Centro Hospitalar Universitario do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8178-9565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo S.","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stem Cells & Neurogenesis Group, i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joaquim","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Department, Hospital de Santo Ant\u00f3nio, Centro Hospitalar Universitario do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Anatomy Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitario Lisboa Norte, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"IMM\u2014Instituto de Medicina Molecular Joao Lobo Antunes, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1076-1343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Paredes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Metastasis Group, i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1111\/tra.12448","article-title":"Cadherin tales: Regulation of cadherin function by endocytic membrane trafficking","volume":"17","author":"Cadwell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3535","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-016-2260-8","article-title":"Adherens Junction and E-Cadherin complex regulation by epithelial polarity","volume":"73","author":"Coopman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2008.09.027","article-title":"Molecular evolution of the cadherin superfamily","volume":"41","author":"Hulpiau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00989","article-title":"Cadherin signaling in cancer: Its functions and role as a therapeutic target","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1276","article-title":"Cell adhesion and signalling by cadherins and Ig-CAMs in cancer","volume":"4","author":"Cavallaro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3431","article-title":"A bigger picture: Classical cadherins and the dynamic actin cytoskeleton","volume":"13","author":"Ratheesh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-0674(03)00101-7","article-title":"Cadherin-mediated cellular signaling","volume":"15","author":"Wheelock","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(88)90114-6","article-title":"Expressed recombinant cadherins mediate cell sorting in model systems","volume":"54","author":"Nose","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.113.3.959","article-title":"Differential expression of R- and N-cadherin in neural and mesodermal tissues during early chicken development","volume":"113","author":"Inuzuka","year":"1991","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3490159","article-title":"Identification of three human type-II classic cadherins and frequent heterophilic interactions between different subclasses of type-II classic cadherins","volume":"349","author":"Shimoyama","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00004.2010","article-title":"Tissue organization by cadherin adhesion molecules: Dynamic molecular and cellular mechanisms of morphogenetic regulation","volume":"91","author":"Niessen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.066654","article-title":"Classical and desmosomal cadherins at a glance","volume":"125","author":"Saito","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-1606(02)00016-7","article-title":"Cadherin-mediated cell adhesion and tissue segregation: Qualitative and quantitative determinants","volume":"253","author":"Duguay","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2004.11.012","article-title":"The differential adhesion hypothesis: A direct evaluation","volume":"278","author":"Foty","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev. Biol"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8263","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.17.8263","article-title":"E-cadherin null mutant embryos fail to form a trophectoderm epithelium","volume":"91","author":"Larue","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1996.8443","article-title":"Developmental defects in mouse embryos lacking N-cadherin","volume":"181","author":"Radice","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-014-1231-5","article-title":"Cadherins in tissue architecture and disease","volume":"93","author":"Vestweber","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3756","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-008-8281-1","article-title":"The cell-cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin","volume":"65","author":"Berx","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"297","article-title":"Epithelial E- and P-cadherins: Role and clinical significance in cancer","volume":"1826","author":"Paredes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1159\/000111189","article-title":"Roles of cadherins in patterning of the developing brain","volume":"19","author":"Takeichi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.110.1.97","article-title":"Ectopic expression of N-cadherin perturbs histogenesis in Xenopus embryos","volume":"110","author":"Fujimori","year":"1990","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(01)00260-X","article-title":"The two-handed E box binding zinc finger protein SIP1 downregulates E-cadherin and induces invasion","volume":"7","author":"Comijn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208429","article-title":"DeltaEF1 is a transcriptional repressor of E-cadherin and regulates epithelial plasticity in breast cancer cells","volume":"24","author":"Eger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4310","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e04-05-0386","article-title":"Myofibroblast development is characterized by specific cell-cell adherens junctions","volume":"15","author":"Hinz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02397","article-title":"Close encounters: Regulation of vertebrate skeletal myogenesis by cell-cell contact","volume":"118","author":"Krauss","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.10073","article-title":"Role of N-cadherin in bone formation","volume":"190","author":"Marie","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0248-4900(02)00005-9","article-title":"Cadherin-based cell adhesion in neuromuscular development","volume":"94","author":"Marthiens","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001940103","article-title":"Expression of cell adhesion molecules during initiation and cessation of neural crest cell migration","volume":"194","author":"Akitaya","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-394311-8.00012-1","article-title":"N-cadherin-mediated adhesion and signaling from development to disease: Lessons from mice","volume":"116","author":"Radice","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0922-3371(88)90104-9","article-title":"Identification of a gene family of cadherin cell adhesion molecules","volume":"25","author":"Takeichi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cell Differ. Dev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-019-0875-6","article-title":"Enhanced cell-cell contact stability and decreased N-cadherin-mediated migration upon fibroblast growth factor receptor-N-cadherin cross talk","volume":"38","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-015-0448-4","article-title":"P-cadherin and the journey to cancer metastasis","volume":"14","author":"Vieira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-417027-8.00008-8","article-title":"The evolutionary origin of epithelial cell-cell adhesion mechanisms","volume":"72","author":"Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Membr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.141.1.297","article-title":"A putative catenin-cadherin system mediates morphogenesis of the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo","volume":"141","author":"Costa","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.127.1.235","article-title":"The roles of catenins in the cadherin-mediated cell adhesion: Functional analysis of E-cadherin-alpha catenin fusion molecules","volume":"127","author":"Nagafuchi","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1126\/science.171.3967.135","article-title":"Microfilaments in cellular and developmental processes","volume":"171","author":"Wessells","year":"1971","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12568","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1204390109","article-title":"E-cadherin is under constitutive actomyosin-generated tension that is increased at cell-cell contacts upon externally applied stretch","volume":"109","author":"Borghi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06953","article-title":"A two-tiered mechanism for stabilization and immobilization of E-cadherin","volume":"453","author":"Cavey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(03)00078-9","article-title":"Regulation of membrane dynamics in developing epithelia","volume":"13","author":"Lecuit","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb0203-103","article-title":"Developmental control of cell morphogenesis: A focus on membrane growth","volume":"5","author":"Lecuit","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2006.07.001","article-title":"Cadherin-catenin proteins in vertebrate development","volume":"18","author":"Lien","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3185","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.122.10.3185","article-title":"A role for cadherins in tissue formation","volume":"122","author":"Larue","year":"1996","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathol.4.110807.092135","article-title":"Epithelial barriers in homeostasis and disease","volume":"5","author":"Marchiando","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a002949","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a002949","article-title":"Adhesive and signaling functions of cadherins and catenins in vertebrate development","volume":"1","author":"Stepniak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"11","article-title":"Cadherin expression in carcinomas: Role in the formation of cell junctions and the prevention of invasiveness","volume":"1198","author":"Birchmeier","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1086\/302173","article-title":"The tumor-suppressor function of E-cadherin","volume":"63","author":"Semb","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"123","article-title":"The E-cadherin\/catenin complex in invasion and metastasis","volume":"213","author":"Bracke","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.113.1.173","article-title":"E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion prevents invasiveness of human carcinoma cells","volume":"113","author":"Frixen","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1294.016","article-title":"Cadherin switch in tumor progression","volume":"1014","author":"Hazan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.149.6.1275","article-title":"Coordinate regulation of cadherin and integrin function by the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan neurocan","volume":"149","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"3650","article-title":"Cadherin switching in human prostate cancer progression","volume":"60","author":"Tomita","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0029(19970815)38:4<343::AID-JEMT2>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Roles of E- and P-cadherin in the human skin","volume":"38","author":"Furukawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6487","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-1086","article-title":"Identification of a novel tumor-associated antigen, cadherin 3\/P-cadherin, as a possible target for immunotherapy of pancreatic, gastric, and colorectal cancers","volume":"14","author":"Imai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"E2595","article-title":"ECM microenvironment regulates collective migration and local dissemination in normal and malignant mammary epithelium","volume":"109","author":"Cheung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3264","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1019556108","article-title":"Self-organization is a dynamic and lineage-intrinsic property of mammary epithelial cells","volume":"108","author":"Chanson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.103.6.2649","article-title":"A novel cadherin cell adhesion molecule: Its expression patterns associated with implantation and organogenesis of mouse embryos","volume":"103","author":"Nose","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5869","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-05-0059","article-title":"P-cadherin overexpression is an indicator of clinical outcome in invasive breast carcinomas and is associated with CDH3 promoter hypomethylation","volume":"11","author":"Paredes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.113382aa","article-title":"P-cadherin role in normal breast development and cancer","volume":"55","author":"Albergaria","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Biol"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2004.027821","article-title":"Distinct CDH3 mutations cause ectodermal dysplasia, ectrodactyly, macular dystrophy (EEM syndrome)","volume":"42","author":"Kjaer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/ng716","article-title":"Hypotrichosis with juvenile macular dystrophy is caused by a mutation in CDH3, encoding P-cadherin","volume":"29","author":"Sprecher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.2741\/972","article-title":"The cadherin superfamily in neural development: Diversity, function and interaction with other molecules","volume":"8","author":"Hirano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4161\/cam.27839","article-title":"Regulation of cadherin expression in nervous system development","volume":"8","author":"Paulson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Adh. Migr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(99)00070-2","article-title":"Cadherins in the central nervous system","volume":"61","author":"Redies","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1996.0315","article-title":"Cadherins in the developing central nervous system: An adhesive code for segmental and functional subdivisions","volume":"180","author":"Redies","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-169X.2008.01002.x","article-title":"Cadherins in neuronal morphogenesis and function","volume":"50","author":"Suzuki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Growth Differ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphysparis.2003.10.002","article-title":"Cadherins as regulators for the emergence of neural nets from embryonic divisions","volume":"97","author":"Redies","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Paris"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0177(199602)205:2<183::AID-AJA9>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Secondary axis induction by heterospecific organizers in zebrafish","volume":"205","author":"Hatta","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00590.2013","article-title":"Impact of subthreshold membrane potential on synaptic responses at dendritic spines of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex","volume":"111","author":"Seong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.07.007","article-title":"Rab GTPases-dependent endocytic pathways regulate neuronal migration and maturation through N-cadherin trafficking","volume":"67","author":"Kawauchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.1995.1313","article-title":"Cadherin expression in the developing vertebrate CNS: From neuromeres to brain nuclei and neural circuits","volume":"220","author":"Redies","year":"1995","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/19336918.2015.1005466","article-title":"N-cadherin-based adherens junction regulates the maintenance, proliferation, and differentiation of neural progenitor cells during development","volume":"9","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Adh. Migr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(96)00124-1","article-title":"N-cadherin expression and function in cultured oligodendrocytes","volume":"97","author":"Payne","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.10.030","article-title":"N-Cadherin and integrins: Two receptor systems that mediate neuronal process outgrowth on astrocyte surfaces","volume":"60","author":"Reichardt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1006\/mcne.1999.0766","article-title":"N-Cadherin inhibits Schwann cell migration on astrocytes","volume":"14","author":"Wilby","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-003-1673-x","article-title":"Selective alterations in prefrontal cortical GABA neurotransmission in schizophrenia: A novel target for the treatment of working memory dysfunction","volume":"174","author":"Lewis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.06.020","article-title":"Cadherins and neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"1470","author":"Redies","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1441.018","article-title":"Molecular genetics of addiction and related heritable phenotypes: Genome-wide association approaches identify \u201cconnectivity constellation\u201d and drug target genes with pleiotropic effects","volume":"1141","author":"Uhl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a003129","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a003129","article-title":"Involvement of members of the cadherin superfamily in cancer","volume":"1","author":"Berx","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6920","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2008.343","article-title":"Cadherins and cancer: How does cadherin dysfunction promote tumor progression?","volume":"27","author":"Jeanes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/32433","article-title":"A causal role for E-cadherin in the transition from adenoma to carcinoma","volume":"392","author":"Perl","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddp537","article-title":"Allele-specific CDH1 downregulation and hereditary diffuse gastric cancer","volume":"19","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5665","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.5665","article-title":"Reduced expression of E-cadherin\/catenin complex in hepatocellular carcinomas","volume":"14","author":"Zhai","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9896(199812)186:4<350::AID-PATH181>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"E-cadherin\/catenin complex in benign and malignant melanocytic lesions","volume":"186","author":"Silye","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.1999.tb02019.x","article-title":"An immunohistochemical study of E-cadherin expression in human squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: Relationship between decreased expression of E-cadherin in the primary lesion and regional lymph node metastasis","volume":"26","author":"Koseki","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2992","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-011-1774-z","article-title":"Aberrant methylation of different DNA repair genes demonstrates distinct prognostic value for esophageal cancer","volume":"56","author":"Ling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0964-1955(92)90016-T","article-title":"Oncogenes and tumour-suppressor genes in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck","volume":"28B","author":"Field","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer B Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23770","article-title":"Hypermethylation of E-cadherin is an independent predictor of improved survival in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"113","author":"Marsit","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2804","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29982","article-title":"Beyond a tumor suppressor: Soluble E-cadherin promotes the progression of cancer","volume":"138","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez, M.I., Peralta-Leal, A., O\u2019Valle, F., Rodriguez-Vargas, J.M., Gonzalez-Flores, A., Majuelos-Melguizo, J., Lopez, L., Serrano, S., de Herreros, A.G., and Rodriguez-Manzaneque, J.C. (2013). PARP-1 regulates metastatic melanoma through modulation of vimentin-induced malignant transformation. PLoS Genet., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003531"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6249","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.11.6249","article-title":"E-cadherin induces mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition in human ovarian surface epithelium","volume":"96","author":"Auersperg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(03)00068-6","article-title":"Cell-cell adhesion in the normal ovary and ovarian tumors of epithelial origin; an exception to the rule","volume":"202","author":"Sundfeldt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.11.007","article-title":"Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in development and disease","volume":"139","author":"Thiery","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3647","article-title":"Beyond E-cadherin: Roles of other cadherin superfamily members in cancer","volume":"14","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S1535-6108(02)00150-2","article-title":"A signaling pathway leading to metastasis is controlled by N-cadherin and the FGF receptor","volume":"2","author":"Suyama","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lammens, T., Swerts, K., Derycke, L., De Craemer, A., De Brouwer, S., De Preter, K., Van Roy, N., Vandesompele, J., Speleman, F., and Philippe, J. (2012). N-cadherin in neuroblastoma disease: Expression and clinical significance. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031206"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2009.338","article-title":"Extracellular cleavage and shedding of P-cadherin: A mechanism underlying the invasive behaviour of breast cancer cells","volume":"29","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4143","article-title":"P-cadherin functional role is dependent on E-cadherin cellular context: A proof of concept using the breast cancer model","volume":"229","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2007.052704","article-title":"Breast carcinomas that co-express E- and P-cadherin are associated with p120-catenin cytoplasmic localisation and poor patient survival","volume":"61","author":"Paredes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-14-734","article-title":"The basal epithelial marker P-cadherin associates with breast cancer cell populations harboring a glycolytic and acid-resistant phenotype","volume":"14","author":"Sousa","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25427","article-title":"P-cadherin in adhesion and invasion: Opposite roles in colon and bladder carcinoma","volume":"128","author":"Stove","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"371","article-title":"P-cadherin linking breast cancer stem cells and invasion: A promising marker to identify an \u201cintermediate\/metastable\u201d EMT state","volume":"4","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19390","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NR04465D","article-title":"Atomic force microscopy and graph analysis to study the P-cadherin\/SFK mechanotransduction signalling in breast cancer cells","volume":"8","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-018-0286-2","article-title":"SRC inhibition prevents P-cadherin mediated signaling and function in basal-like breast cancer cells","volume":"16","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.1459","article-title":"P-cadherin signals through the laminin receptor alpha6beta4 integrin to induce stem cell and invasive properties in basal-like breast cancer cells","volume":"5","author":"Vieira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6559","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-0196","article-title":"R-Cadherin expression inhibits myogenesis and induces myoblast transformation via Rac1 GTPase","volume":"68","author":"Kucharczak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2011.05.016","article-title":"CDH4 as a novel putative tumor suppressor gene epigenetically silenced by promoter hypermethylation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"309","author":"Du","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8156","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-3000","article-title":"Frequent aberrant methylation of the CDH4 gene promoter in human colorectal and gastric cancer","volume":"64","author":"Miotto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"1981","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of cell adhesion molecule epithelial cadherin in human arachnoid villi and meningiomas","volume":"52","author":"Tohma","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.129.1.189","article-title":"Novel E-cadherin-mediated adhesion in peripheral nerve: Schwann cell architecture is stabilized by autotypic adherens junctions","volume":"129","author":"Fannon","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199604000-00005","article-title":"Localization of E-cadherin in peripheral glia after nerve injury and repair","volume":"55","author":"Hasegawa","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01184070","article-title":"Immunoelectron microscopic localization of E-cadherin in dorsal root ganglia, dorsal root and dorsal horn of postnatal mice","volume":"23","author":"Uchiyama","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurocytol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2006.02440.x","article-title":"Altered expression of beta-catenin\/E-cadherin in meningiomas","volume":"49","author":"Brunner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-005-1099-0","article-title":"The new WHO classification of human pituitary tumors: Comments","volume":"111","author":"Trouillas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2197","article-title":"The expression of E-cadherin in somatotroph pituitary adenomas is related to tumor size, invasiveness, and somatostatin analog response","volume":"95","author":"Fougner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"39","article-title":"Expression of E-cadherin-catenin complex in human benign schwannomas","volume":"17","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"8","article-title":"Invasive meningioma is associated with a low expression of E-cadherin and beta-catenin","volume":"24","author":"Utsuki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005709014239","article-title":"Expression of epithelial cadherin and cavernous sinus invasion in human pituitary adenomas","volume":"34","author":"Kawamoto","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01921.x","article-title":"Fibrous bodies are associated with lower GH production and decreased expression of E-cadherin in GH-producing pituitary adenomas","volume":"59","author":"Nishioka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800965","article-title":"Tumor-specific downregulation and methylation of the CDH13 (H-cadherin) and CDH1 (E-cadherin) genes correlate with aggressiveness of human pituitary adenomas","volume":"20","author":"Qian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3835(02)00085-X","article-title":"Differential expression of Wnt genes, beta-catenin and E-cadherin in human brain tumors","volume":"183","author":"Howng","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1159\/000079041","article-title":"Down-regulation of E-cadherin and catenins in human pituitary growth hormone-producing adenomas","volume":"32","author":"Sano","year":"2004","journal-title":"Front. Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1385\/EP:13:4:341","article-title":"Downregulation of E-cadherin and its undercoat proteins in pituitary growth hormone cell adenomas with prominent fibrous bodies","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocr. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12352","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12352","article-title":"Combining cadherin expression with molecular markers discriminates invasiveness in growth hormone and prolactin pituitary adenomas","volume":"28","author":"Chauvet","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-009-0708-z","article-title":"Genetic and protein changes of E-cadherin in meningiomas","volume":"136","author":"Deak","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s004280050151","article-title":"E-Cadherin in human brain tumours: Loss of immunoreactivity in malignant meningiomas","volume":"432","author":"Schwechheimer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, K., Wang, G., Wang, Y., Jin, H., Yang, S., and Liu, C. (2010). The potential involvement of E-cadherin and beta-catenins in meningioma. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011231"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.44.402","article-title":"E, N-cadherins and beta-catenin expression in medulloblastoma and atypical teratoid\/rhabdoid tumor","volume":"44","author":"Utsuki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurol. Med. Chir."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-006-0197-1","article-title":"Sequential analysis of cadherin expression in a 4-year-old girl with intracranial ependymoma","volume":"23","author":"Yokoi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Childs Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2018.07.018","article-title":"Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-related transcription factors are up-regulated in ependymomas and correlate with a poor prognosis","volume":"82","author":"Malgulwar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s10014-011-0070-0","article-title":"Adult cerebellar glioblastoma cases have different characteristics from supratentorial glioblastoma","volume":"29","author":"Utsuki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Tumor Pathol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noh, M.G., Oh, S.J., Ahn, E.J., Kim, Y.J., Jung, T.Y., Jung, S., Kim, K.K., Lee, J.H., Lee, K.H., and Moon, K.S. (2017). Prognostic significance of E-cadherin and N-cadherin expression in Gliomas. BMC Cancer, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-017-3591-z"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1995.384","article-title":"Expression of N-cadherin and alpha-catenin in astrocytomas and glioblastomas","volume":"72","author":"Shinoura","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-015-2197-5","article-title":"Characterization of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9, ADAM-10 and N-cadherin expression in human glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"362","author":"Musumeci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.4161\/cam.20855","article-title":"N-cadherin expression level as a critical indicator of invasion in non-epithelial tumors","volume":"6","author":"Peglion","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Adh. Migr."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4605","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5126-08.2009","article-title":"ADAM-10-mediated N-cadherin cleavage is protein kinase C-alpha dependent and promotes glioblastoma cell migration","volume":"29","author":"Kohutek","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.087668","article-title":"N-cadherin expression level modulates integrin-mediated polarity and strongly impacts on the speed and directionality of glial cell migration","volume":"125","author":"Camand","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1023\/B:NEON.0000040811.14908.f2","article-title":"Correlation of N-cadherin expression in high grade gliomas with tissue invasion","volume":"70","author":"Asano","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02478865","article-title":"Expression and role of cadherins in astrocytic tumors","volume":"14","author":"Asano","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Tumor Pathol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s101430050030","article-title":"Expression of cadherin and CSF dissemination in malignant astrocytic tumors","volume":"23","author":"Asano","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201302827","article-title":"The ZEB1 pathway links glioblastoma initiation, invasion and chemoresistance","volume":"5","author":"Siebzehnrubl","year":"2013","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2012.758123","article-title":"Expression of beta-catenin and E- and N-cadherin in human brainstem gliomas and clinicopathological correlations","volume":"123","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-019-0443-x","article-title":"p120-catenin-dependent collective brain infiltration by glioma cell networks","volume":"22","author":"Gritsenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI136098","article-title":"N-cadherin upregulation mediates adaptive radioresistance in glioblastoma","volume":"131","author":"Osuka","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.4238\/vol7-2gmr424","article-title":"Differential expression of E-cadherin gene in human neuroepithelial tumors","volume":"7","author":"Motta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/37261","article-title":"Expression and interactions between cell adhesion molecules CD44v6 and E-cadherin in human gliomas","volume":"23","author":"Bar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-010-0481-5","article-title":"Retrospective protein expression and epigenetic inactivation studies of CDH1 in patients affected by low-grade glioma","volume":"104","author":"Storelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1605","article-title":"Glioma-associated stem cells: A novel class of tumor-supporting cells able to predict prognosis of human low-grade gliomas","volume":"32","author":"Bourkoula","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis-Tuffin, L.J., Rodriguez, F., Giannini, C., Scheithauer, B., Necela, B.M., Sarkaria, J.N., and Anastasiadis, P.Z. (2010). Misregulated E-cadherin expression associated with an aggressive brain tumor phenotype. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013665"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7872","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-0301","article-title":"Tbx3 represses E-cadherin expression and enhances melanoma invasiveness","volume":"68","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"7","article-title":"N-Cadherin Expression in Glioblastoma and its Correlation with the Histopathological Findings","volume":"9","author":"Darweesh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Academic Journal of Cancer Research."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2014.122","article-title":"A cadherin switch underlies malignancy in high-grade gliomas","volume":"34","author":"Appolloni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molonc.2015.04.016","article-title":"Autophagy induction impairs migration and invasion by reversing EMT in glioblastoma cells","volume":"9","author":"Catalano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2012.00571.x","article-title":"Transcriptional factors for epithelial-mesenchymal transition are associated with mesenchymal differentiation in gliosarcoma","volume":"22","author":"Nagaishi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2009.12.020","article-title":"Integrated genomic analysis identifies clinically relevant subtypes of glioblastoma characterized by abnormalities in PDGFRA, IDH1, EGFR, and NF1","volume":"17","author":"Verhaak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlw068","article-title":"Protein analysis of glioblastoma primary and posttreatment pairs suggests a mesenchymal shift at recurrence","volume":"75","author":"Wood","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz044","article-title":"The landscape of the mesenchymal signature in brain tumours","volume":"142","author":"Behnan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3439","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05982-z","article-title":"PDGF-mediated mesenchymal transformation renders endothelial resistance to anti-VEGF treatment in glioblastoma","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2015.2944","article-title":"Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in paired human primary and recurrent glioblastomas","volume":"46","author":"Kubelt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/not239","article-title":"Sustained elevation of Snail promotes glial-mesenchymal transition after irradiation in malignant glioma","volume":"16","author":"Mahabir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97115","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201797115","article-title":"Zeb1 potentiates genome-wide gene transcription with Lef1 to promote glioblastoma cell invasion","volume":"37","author":"Rosmaninho","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1998","article-title":"The EMT-activator ZEB1 promotes tumorigenicity by repressing stemness-inhibiting microRNAs","volume":"11","author":"Wellner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-19-1305","article-title":"Clonal ZEB1-driven mesenchymal transition promotes targetable oncologic antiangiogenic therapy resistance","volume":"80","author":"Chandra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaa064","article-title":"Crosstalk between GBM cells and mesenchymal stemlike cells promotes the invasiveness of GBM through the C5a\/p38\/ZEB1 axis","volume":"22","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1593\/neo.04352","article-title":"TWIST is expressed in human gliomas and promotes invasion","volume":"7","author":"Elias","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-9-194","article-title":"TWIST1 promotes invasion through mesenchymal change in human glioblastoma","volume":"9","author":"Mikheeva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.12320","article-title":"Targeting TWIST1 through loss of function inhibits tumorigenicity of human glioblastoma","volume":"12","author":"Mikheev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2012.05.024","article-title":"Activation of canonical WNT\/beta-catenin signaling enhances in vitro motility of glioblastoma cells by activation of ZEB1 and other activators of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition","volume":"325","author":"Kahlert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612826666200131100630","article-title":"Wnt\/beta-catenin and PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR signaling pathways in glioblastoma: Two main targets for drug design: A review","volume":"26","author":"Shahcheraghi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H.W., Menon, L.G., Black, P.M., Carroll, R.S., and Johnson, M.D. (2010). SNAI2\/Slug promotes growth and invasion in human gliomas. BMC Cancer, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-10-301"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1075","article-title":"Tumour-cell invasion and migration: Diversity and escape mechanisms","volume":"3","author":"Friedl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_171","first-page":"23","article-title":"Anastasiadis PZ: E-cadherin\u2019s dark side: Possible role in tumor progression","volume":"1826","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2018.11.016","article-title":"EMT-like process in glioblastomas and reactive astrocytes","volume":"122","author":"Iser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2020.118782","article-title":"Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition as the driver of changing carcinoma and glioblastoma microenvironment","volume":"1867","author":"Majc","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_174","first-page":"1765","article-title":"Expression of E-cadherin, N-cadherin and snail and their correlation with clinicopathological variants: An immunohistochemical study of 132 invasive ductal breast carcinomas in Egypt","volume":"66","author":"ElMoneim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1827.2011.02774.x","article-title":"Clinical implications of N-cadherin expression in gastric cancer","volume":"62","author":"Kamikihara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pathol. Int."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12903","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12903","article-title":"Upregulated N-cadherin expression is associated with poor prognosis in epithelial-derived solid tumours: A meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s004280100487","article-title":"P-cadherin expression is associated with high-grade ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast","volume":"440","author":"Paredes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."}],"container-title":["Biomedicines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9059\/9\/10\/1328\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:05:26Z","timestamp":1760166326000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9059\/9\/10\/1328"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]]},"references-count":177,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["biomedicines9101328"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines9101328","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]]}}}