{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T20:04:01Z","timestamp":1768593841661,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CP14\/0010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP14\/0010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fondo de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria","award":["MPY 1404\/15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MPY 1404\/15"]}]},{"name":"Fondo de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria","award":["MPY 1144\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MPY 1144\/16"]}]},{"name":"Fondo de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria","award":["MPY 382\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MPY 382\/18"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomedicines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are essential players in HIV and HCV infections, as both viruses modulate cellular miRNAs and interact with the miRNA-mediated host response. We aim to analyze the miRNA profile of HIV patients with different exposure to HCV to explore specific signatures in the miRNA profile of PBMCs for each type of infection. We massively sequenced small RNAs of PBMCs from 117 HIV+ infected patients: 45 HIV+ patients chronically infected with HCV (HIV\/HCV+), 36 HIV+ that spontaneously clarified HCV after acute infection (HIV\/HCV-) and 36 HIV+ patients without previous HCV infection (HIV). Thirty-two healthy patients were used as healthy controls (HC). Differential expression analysis showed significantly differentially expressed (SDE) miRNAs in HIV\/HCV+ (n = 153), HIV\/HCV- (n = 169) and HIV (n = 153) patients. We found putative dysregulated pathways, such as infectious-related and PI3K signaling pathways, common in all contrasts. Specifically, putatively targeted genes involved in antifolate resistance (HIV\/HV+), cancer-related pathways (HIV\/HCV-) and HIF-signaling (HIV) were identified, among others. Our findings revealed that HCV strongly influences the expression profile of PBMCs from HIV patients through the disruption of its miRNome. Thus, different HCV exposure can be identified by specific miRNA signatures in PBMCs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9111627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T10:33:09Z","timestamp":1636108389000},"page":"1627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Different HCV Exposure Drives Specific miRNA Profile in PBMCs of HIV Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5205-855X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Valle-Millares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Viral Infection and Immunity, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8372-2604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d3scar","family":"Brochado-Kith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Viral Infection and Immunity, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8102-4079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luz","family":"Mart\u00edn-Carbonero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), 28046 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Lourdes","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VIH Servicio de Medicina Interna Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4212-7419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Infanta Leonor Teaching Hospital, 28031 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7073-5211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio","family":"De los Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Servicie Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"De la Fuente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Service Hospital Puerta de Hierro, 28222 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), 28046 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Lagarde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VIH Servicio de Medicina Interna Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7875-6359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Cuevas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Infanta Leonor Teaching Hospital, 28031 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Mayoral-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), 28046 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mariano","family":"Matarranz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VIH Servicio de Medicina Interna Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Victorino","family":"D\u00edez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Infanta Leonor Teaching Hospital, 28031 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"G\u00f3mez-Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Viral Infection and Immunity, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Rom\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Viral Infection and Immunity, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Celia","family":"Crespo-Bermejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Reference and Research on Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Palladino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7018-6977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Alimentaci\u00f3n Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Viral Infection and Immunity, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8783-0450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvador","family":"Resino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Viral Infection and Immunity, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2297-5098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Briz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Reference and Research on Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5110-2213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Viral Infection and Immunity, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio, Avenida Universidad 1, 28691 Villanueva de la Ca\u00f1ada, Madrid, Spain"}]},{"name":"on Behalf of Multidisciplinary Group of Viral Coinfection HIV\/Hepatitis (COVIHEP)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arora, U., Garg, P., Agarwal, S., Nischal, N., and Wig, N. 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