{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T08:52:17Z","timestamp":1775897537745,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]],"date-time":"2021-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/29542\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/29542\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomedicines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) are the most used herbicides in the world, carrying potentially adverse consequences to the environment and non-target species due to their massive and inadequate use. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of acute exposure to a commercial formulation of glyphosate, Roundup\u00ae Flex (RF), at environmentally relevant and higher concentrations in zebrafish larvae through the assessment of the inflammatory, oxidative stress and cell death response. Transgenic Tg(mpxGFP)i114 and wild-type (WT) zebrafish larvae (72 h post-fertilisation) were exposed to 1, 5, and 10 \u00b5g mL\u22121 of RF (based on the active ingredient concentration) for 4 h 30 min. A concentration of 2.5 \u00b5g mL\u22121 CuSO4 was used as a positive control. Copper sulphate exposure showed effectiveness in enhancing the inflammatory profile by increasing the number of neutrophils, nitric oxide (NO) levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cell death. None of the RF concentrations tested showed changes in the number of neutrophils and NO. However, the concentration of 10 \u00b5g a.i. mL\u22121 was able to induce an increase in ROS levels and cell death. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)), the biotransformation activity, the levels of reduced (GSH) and oxidised (GSSG) glutathione, lipid peroxidation (LPO), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were similar among groups. Overall, the evidence may suggest toxicological effects are dependent on the concentration of RF, although at concentrations that are not routinely detected in the environment. Additional studies are needed to better understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of this formulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9121784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T01:49:58Z","timestamp":1638150598000},"page":"1784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Inflammatory, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis Effects in Zebrafish Larvae after Rapid Exposure to a Commercial Glyphosate Formulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1965-1658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Germano","family":"Lanzarin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3880-3442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Ven\u00e2ncio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Animal Science, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9870-6666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds M.","family":"F\u00e9lix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade (i3s), Laboratory Animal Science (LAS), Instituto de Biologia Molecular Celular (IBMC), University of Porto (UP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4026-5965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology and Environment (DeBA), School of Life and Environmental Sciences (ECVA), UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4760","article-title":"Overview of glyphosate-resistant weeds worldwide","volume":"74","author":"Heap","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-016-0070-0","article-title":"Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United States and globally","volume":"28","author":"Benbrook","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Eur."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115139","article-title":"Glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) are commonly found in urban streams and wetlands of Melbourne, Australia","volume":"168","author":"Okada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116573","article-title":"Low concentrations of glyphosate in water and sediment after direct over-water application to control an invasive aquatic plant","volume":"188","author":"Robichaud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2008.01.015","article-title":"Levels of glyphosate in surface waters, sediments and soils associated with direct sowing soybean cultivation in north pampasic region of Argentina","volume":"156","author":"Peruzzo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2012.05.021","article-title":"Determination of glyphosate residues in Hungarian water samples by immunoassay","volume":"107","author":"Juracsek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.03.125","article-title":"Widespread occurrence and spatial distribution of glyphosate, atrazine, and neonicotinoids pesticides in the St. Lawrence and tributary rivers","volume":"250","author":"Munoz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq1980.00472425000900040024x","article-title":"A watershed study of glyphosate transport in runoff","volume":"9","author":"Edwards","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2997","article-title":"Impact of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides on the freshwater environment","volume":"34","author":"Annett","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7880","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-8522-7","article-title":"Determination of glyphosate in surface water with high organic matter content","volume":"24","author":"Toss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.04.018","article-title":"An approach to clarify the effect mechanism of glyphosate on body malformations during embryonic development of zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"180","author":"Sulukan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-017-0689-0","article-title":"Glyphosate toxicity for animals","volume":"16","author":"Gill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.03.053","article-title":"Insight into the confusion over surfactant co-formulants in glyphosate-based herbicides","volume":"128","author":"Mesnage","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2012.09.006","article-title":"Ethoxylated adjuvants of glyphosate-based herbicides are active principles of human cell toxicity","volume":"313","author":"Mesnage","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2017.10.007","article-title":"Glyphosate and Roundup\u00ae alter morphology and behavior in zebrafish","volume":"392","author":"Bridi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-018-0498-9","article-title":"The effects of Roundup on gametes and early development of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L)","volume":"44","author":"Lugowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.020","article-title":"Antioxidative status, immunological responses, and heat shock protein expression in hepatopancreas of Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis under the exposure of glyphosate","volume":"86","author":"Hong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.01.092","article-title":"Metabolic parameters and oxidative balance in juvenile Rhamdia quelen exposed to rice paddy herbicides: Roundup\u00ae, Primoleo\u00ae, and Facet\u00ae","volume":"174","author":"Persch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.047","article-title":"Glyphosate induces lymphocyte cell dysfunction and apoptosis via regulation of miR-203 targeting of PIK3R1 in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)","volume":"101","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.126636","article-title":"Behavioural toxicity of environmental relevant concentrations of a glyphosate commercial formulation-RoundUp\u00ae UltraMax-During zebrafish embryogenesis","volume":"253","author":"Lanzarin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.07.005","article-title":"Toxicity induced by glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides in the zebrafish hepatocyte cell line (ZF-L)","volume":"162","author":"Lopes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143993","article-title":"Bioconcentration of glyphosate in wetland biofilms","volume":"756","author":"Beecraft","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.07.007","article-title":"Degradation of glyphosate and bioavailability of phosphorus derived from glyphosate in a soil-water system","volume":"163","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2012.09.003","article-title":"The oxidative damage and inflammation caused by pesticides are reverted by lipoic acid in rat brain","volume":"61","author":"Astiz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-015-0056-1","article-title":"Transcriptome profile analysis reflects rat liver and kidney damage following chronic ultra-low dose Roundup exposure","volume":"14","author":"Mesnage","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559325819843380","DOI":"10.1177\/1559325819843380","article-title":"Inflammatory effects of subacute exposure of Roundup in rat liver and adipose tissue","volume":"17","author":"Pandey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dose-Response"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/1547691X.2020.1804492","article-title":"The impact and toxicity of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides on health and immunity","volume":"17","author":"Peillex","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.10123","article-title":"Biochemical and histopathological effects of glyphosate herbicide on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)","volume":"18","author":"Jiraungkoorskul","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2010.09.012","article-title":"Altered hematological and immunological parameters in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) following short term exposure to sublethal concentration of glyphosate","volume":"30","author":"Kreutz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"362","article-title":"Histopathological Effect of Glyphosate on Juvenile African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)","volume":"4","author":"Ayoola","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. -Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.125959","article-title":"Zebrafish (Danio rerio) ability to activate ABCC transporters after exposure to glyphosate and its formulation Roundup Transorb\u00ae","volume":"248","author":"Moraes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"74","article-title":"The effects of Roundup\u00ae in embryo development and energy metabolism of the zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"222","author":"Panetto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C: Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(84)05016-3","article-title":"[13] Catalase in vitro","volume":"105","author":"Aebi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.02.071","article-title":"Dose-dependent effects of a glyphosate commercial formulation\u2013Roundup\u00ae UltraMax-on the early zebrafish embryogenesis","volume":"223","author":"Lanzarin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2018.06.002","article-title":"Immune response induced by major environmental pollutants through altering neutrophils in zebrafish larvae","volume":"201","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.04.151","article-title":"High-dose acute exposure of paraquat induces injuries of swim bladder, gastrointestinal tract and liver via neutrophil-mediated ROS in zebrafish and their relevance for human health risk assessment","volume":"205","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1112594","article-title":"Zebrafish as a model for the study of neutrophil biology","volume":"94","author":"Henry","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasica-Jarosz, N., Podlasz, P., and Kaleczyc, J. (2018). Pituitary adenylate cyclase\u2013activating polypeptide (PACAP-38) plays an inhibitory role against inflammation induced by chemical damage to zebrafish hair cells. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198180"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2018.07.086","article-title":"MS-222 short exposure induces developmental and behavioural alterations in zebrafish embryos","volume":"81","author":"Luzio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00253","article-title":"Peripheral macrophages promote tissue regeneration in zebrafish by fine-tuning the inflammatory response","volume":"10","author":"Morales","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2020.115385","article-title":"Malformations and mortality in zebrafish early stages associated with elevated caspase activity after 24 h exposure to MS-222","volume":"412","author":"Luzio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2019.02.004","article-title":"A multi-institutional study benchmarking the zebrafish developmental assay for prediction of embryotoxic plasma concentrations from rat embryo\u2013fetal development studies","volume":"86","author":"Cassar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfy250","article-title":"Automated morphological feature assessment for zebrafish embryo developmental toxicity screens","volume":"167","author":"Krupp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elks, P.M., Loynes, C.A., and Renshaw, S.A. (2011). Measuring inflammatory cell migration in the zebrafish. Cell Migration, Humana Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-207-6_18"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2019.10.005","article-title":"Zebrafish, a model to develop nanotherapeutics that control neutrophils response during inflammation","volume":"313","author":"Vilos","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadirkamanathan, V., Anderson, S.R., Billings, S.A., Zhang, X., Holmes, G.R., Reyes-Aldasoro, C.C., Elks, P.M., and Renshaw, S.A. (2012). The neutrophil\u2019s eye-view: Inference and visualisation of the chemoattractant field driving cell chemotaxis in vivo. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035182"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"d\u2019Alen\u00e7on, C.A., Pe\u00f1a, O.A., Wittmann, C., Gallardo, V.E., Jones, R.A., Loosli, F., Liebel, U., Grabher, C., and Allende, M.L. (2010). A high-throughput chemically induced inflammation assay in zebrafish. BMC Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-8-151"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2014.12.007","article-title":"Automatic cell counting with ImageJ","volume":"473","author":"Grishagin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.03.049","article-title":"Ketamine induction of p53-dependent apoptosis and oxidative stress in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos","volume":"201","author":"Vidal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61254","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA08298J","article-title":"Ketamine-induced oxidative stress at different developmental stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos","volume":"6","author":"Vidal","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(93)90307-P","article-title":"A methodological approach to superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity assay based on inhibition of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction","volume":"214","author":"Durak","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.11.004","article-title":"Glutathione and zebrafish: Old assays to address a current issue","volume":"168","author":"Massarsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702596","article-title":"Evidence for oxidative stress in lens epithelial cells in pseudoexfoliation syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Gartaganis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(81)77053-8","article-title":"[51] Assays for differentiation of glutathione S-Transferases","volume":"77","author":"Habig","year":"1981","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1993.1002","article-title":"Lipoprotein oxidation and measurement of thiobarbituric acid reacting substances formation in a single microtiter plate: Its use for evaluation of antioxidants","volume":"208","author":"Wallin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"338","article-title":"Biomarkers as a tool to assess effects of chromium (VI): Comparison of responses in zebrafish early life stages and adults","volume":"152","author":"Domingues","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C: Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"19","article-title":"Impacts of oxidative stress on acetylcholinesterase transcription, and activity in embryos of zebrafish (Danio rerio) following Chlorpyrifos exposure","volume":"172","author":"Schlenk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C: Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2019.106811","article-title":"Vitexin inhibits acrylamide-induced neuroinflammation and improves behavioral changes in zebrafish larvae","volume":"74","author":"Krishnan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"143","article-title":"Carvedilol and adrenergic agonists suppress the lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages via the adrenergic receptors","volume":"60","author":"Pekarova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Phys. Pol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2013.11.005","article-title":"Ketamine NMDA receptor-independent toxicity during zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryonic development","volume":"41","author":"Antunes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.12.064","article-title":"Meta-analysis of glyphosate contamination in surface waters and dissipation by biofilms","volume":"124","author":"Carles","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"1","article-title":"Detection of glyphosate residues in animals and humans. J. Environ","volume":"4","author":"Schledorn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2020.103462","article-title":"Glyphosate in Portuguese Adults\u2013A Pilot Study","volume":"80","author":"Nova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2019.106710","article-title":"Glyphosate contamination in grains and foods: An overview","volume":"106","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dmm041889","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.041889","article-title":"Determining macrophage versus neutrophil contributions to innate immunity using larval zebrafish","volume":"13","author":"Rosowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dis. Models Mech."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1303220","article-title":"Gcsf-Chr19 promotes neutrophil migration to damaged tissue through blood vessels in zebrafish","volume":"193","author":"Galdames","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2772","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2015-2050","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-induced attenuation of the inflammatory response in zebrafish","volume":"157","author":"Chatzopoulou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3976","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-05-024075","article-title":"A transgenic zebrafish model of neutrophilic inflammation","volume":"108","author":"Renshaw","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2470","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2016.365","article-title":"Manipulating the air-filled zebrafish swim bladder as a neutrophilic inflammation model for acute lung injury","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115769","article-title":"Size matters: Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model to study toxicity of nanoplastics from cells to the whole organism","volume":"268","author":"Sendra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luaces, J.P., Rossi, L.F., Chirino, M.G., Browne, M., Merani, M.S., and Mudry, M.D. (2017). Genotoxic effects of Roundup Full II\u00ae on lymphocytes of Chaetophractus villosus (Xenarthra, Mammalia): In vitro studies. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182911"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2014.11.004","article-title":"Immunological and histopathological responses of the kidney of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) sublethally exposed to glyphosate","volume":"39","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124150","article-title":"Metal contamination, bioaccumulation, ROS generation, and epigenotoxicity influences on zebrafish exposed to river water polluted by mining activities","volume":"405","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mat."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-017-0974-6","article-title":"Effects of copper on hemocyte apoptosis, ROS production, and gene expression in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei","volume":"179","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.05.112","article-title":"Evaluation of apoptosis, oxidative stress responses, AChE activity and body malformations in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos exposed to deltamethrin","volume":"207","author":"Parlak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gazsi, G., Czimmerer, Z., Iv\u00e1novics, B., Berta, I.R., Urb\u00e1nyi, B., Csenki-Bakos, Z., and \u00c1cs, A. (2021). Physiological, Developmental, and Biomarker Responses of Zebrafish Embryos to Sub-Lethal Exposure of Bendiocarb. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13020204"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1039\/9781782622208-00001","article-title":"Overview of Reactive Oxygen Species","volume":"1","author":"Krumova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Singlet Oxygen. Nanotechnol. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatterjee, S. (2016). Oxidative stress, inflammation, and disease. Oxidative Stress and Biomaterials, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803269-5.00002-4"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S275595","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species: Drivers of physiological and pathological processes","volume":"13","author":"Checa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-020-00548-3","article-title":"Copper induce zebrafish retinal developmental defects via triggering stresses and apoptosis","volume":"18","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fadhlaoui, M., and Lavoie, I. (2021). Effects of Temperature and Glyphosate on Fatty Acid Composition, Antioxidant Capacity, and Lipid Peroxidation in the Gastropod Lymneae sp.. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13081039"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-018-0184-7","article-title":"How did the US EPA and IARC reach diametrically opposed conclusions on the genotoxicity of glyphosate-based herbicides?","volume":"31","author":"Benbrook","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Eur."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"108758","article-title":"Mediation of oxidative stress toxicity induced by pyrethroid pesticides in fish","volume":"234","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C: Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2019.01.010","article-title":"Learning and memory impairments associated to acetylcholinesterase inhibition and oxidative stress following glyphosate based-herbicide exposure in mice","volume":"415","author":"Bali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3303","article-title":"Copper toxicology, oxidative stress and inflammation using zebrafish as experimental model","volume":"36","author":"Pereira","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2021.105814","article-title":"Microplastics alone or co-exposed with copper induce neurotoxicity and behavioral alterations on zebrafish larvae after a subchronic exposure","volume":"235","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3343","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.3916","article-title":"Oxidative stress induced by glyphosate-based herbicide on freshwater turtles","volume":"36","author":"Duval","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kronberg, M.F., Rossen, A., and Munarriz, E.R. (2021). Glyphosate-based herbicides and oxidative stress. Toxicology, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819092-0.00009-1"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.116186","article-title":"Glyphosate-induced lipid metabolism disorder contributes to hepatotoxicity in juvenile common carp","volume":"269","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009616228304","article-title":"Role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in apoptosis induction","volume":"5","author":"Simon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-4680(00)00053-5","article-title":"Oxidative stress and apoptosis","volume":"7","author":"Kannan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pathophysiology"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(02)00070-4","article-title":"Regulation and measurement of oxidative stress in apoptosis","volume":"265","author":"Curtin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3628","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the toxicity of gold nanoparticles in zebrafish","volume":"38","author":"Patibandla","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddp533","article-title":"Zebrafish Rpgr is required for normal retinal development and plays a role in dynein-based retrograde transport processes","volume":"19","author":"Shu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2020.108834","article-title":"MS-222 induces biochemical and transcriptional changes related to oxidative stress, cell proliferation and apoptosis in zebrafish embryos","volume":"237","author":"Luzio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105414","article-title":"Use of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells to evaluate glyphosate-induced effects on oxidative stress, neuronal development and cell death signaling pathways","volume":"135","author":"Maximiliano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."}],"container-title":["Biomedicines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9059\/9\/12\/1784\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:36:46Z","timestamp":1760168206000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9059\/9\/12\/1784"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["biomedicines9121784"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines9121784","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]]}}}