{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T09:58:12Z","timestamp":1762077492604,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMedInformatics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Individualized, serial production of innovative implants is a major area of application for additive manufacturing in the field of medicine. Individualized healthcare requires faster delivery of the implant to the clinic or hospital facility. The total manufacturing process, including data generation using 3D drawings, imaging techniques, 3D printing and post-processing, usually takes up to a week, especially implants from risk class III, which requires qualified equipment and a validated process. In this study, we describe how to develop a new biomechanical model for dental implants from its conception for the patent to the final product which is ready to be manufactured using additive manufacturing. The benefits and limitations of titanium metal printing for dental implant prototypes are presented by the authors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedinformatics2040044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T03:03:41Z","timestamp":1669863821000},"page":"671-679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["3D Printing as an Efficient Way to Prototype and Develop Dental Implants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1612-5775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Andreucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 712, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1854-6514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elza","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAETA, INEGI, Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"Jorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAETA, INEGI, Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 712, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.10.011","article-title":"Titanium Scaffolding: An Innovative Modality for Salvage of Failed First Ray Procedures","volume":"57","author":"Coriaty","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2015.914","article-title":"3D printing in dentistry","volume":"219","author":"Dawood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Deckard, C. (1989). Method and Apparatus for Producing Parts by Selective Sintering. (US4863538A), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.04.050","article-title":"A review on stereolithography and its applications in biomedical engineering","volume":"31","author":"Melchels","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202100017","DOI":"10.1002\/gamm.202100017","article-title":"3D-multilayer simulation of microstructure and mechanical properties of porous materials by selective sintering","volume":"44","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"GAMM-Mitteilungen"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5420391","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5420391","article-title":"Custom-Made Direct Metal Laser Sintering Titanium Subperiosteal Implants: A Retrospective Clinical Study on 70 Patients","volume":"2018","author":"Cerea","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.03.360","article-title":"In-vitro Analysis of Titanium Cellular Structures Fabricated by Direct Metal Laser Sintering","volume":"22","author":"Jaivignesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4289","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S311001","article-title":"3D Printing of Micro- and Nanoscale Bone Substitutes: A Review on Technical and Translational Perspectives","volume":"16","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2014.11.024","article-title":"3D printing of porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds intended for use in bone tissue engineering applications","volume":"47","author":"Cox","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.01.004","article-title":"An injectable biodegradable temperature-responsive gel with an adjustable persistence window","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kantaros, A., and Piromalis, D. (2021). Fabricating Lattice Structures via 3D Printing: The Case of Porous Bio-Engineered Scaffolds. Appl. Mech., 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/applmech2020018"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.01.064","article-title":"3D printing of composite calcium phosphate and collagen scaffolds for bone regeneration","volume":"35","author":"Inzana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-015-7386-6","article-title":"3D printing-assisted design of scaffold structures","volume":"82","author":"Kantaros","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Andreucci, C.A., Fonseca, E.M.M., and Jorge, R.N. (2021). Advances and Current Trends in Biomechanics, Taylor & Francis. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"35","article-title":"Three-dimensional dynamic finite element and experimental models for drilling processes","volume":"232","author":"Fernandes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part L J. Mater. Des. Appl."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"637","article-title":"Thermo-mechanical stresses distribution on bone drilling: Numerical and experimental procedures","volume":"233","author":"Fernandes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part L J. Mater. Des. Appl."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreucci, C.A., Alshaya, A., Fonseca, E.M.M., and Jorge, R.N. (2022). Proposal for a New Bioactive Kinetic Screw in an Implant, Using a Numerical Model. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12020779"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2022, October 28). Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medical-devices\/3d-printing-medical-devices\/3d-printing-medical-devices-point-care-discussion-paper."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2022, October 28). Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/human-regulatory\/overview\/medical-devices."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3713","DOI":"10.1557\/s43578-021-00407-y","article-title":"3D printing of biomedical materials and devices","volume":"36","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.01.032","article-title":"Commercially pure titanium (cp-Ti) versus titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) materials as bone anchored implants\u2014Is one truly better than the other?","volume":"62","author":"Shah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2022, November 22). Available online: https:\/\/www.wh.com\/en_global\/dental-products\/restoration-prosthetics\/electric-motor\/em-12l\/."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"3349433","article-title":"The Role of Biomaterials and Biocompatible Materials in Implant-Supported Dental Prosthesis","volume":"2021","author":"Ashtiani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S96","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860100282","article-title":"Osteoinduction, osteoconduction and osseointegration","volume":"10","author":"Albrektsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2017.08.003","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of biomaterials","volume":"93","author":"Bose","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-020-00606-2","article-title":"3D Printing for Bone Regeneration","volume":"18","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2017.02.021","article-title":"Modelling and characterization of a porosity graded lattice structure for additively manufactured biomaterials","volume":"121","author":"Dumas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Jiang, Q., Zhang, Y., Li, T., and Zhang, H. (July, January 27). Sustainability of 3D Printing: A Critical Review and Recommendations. Proceedings of the ASME 2016 11th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference, Blacksburg, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1115\/MSEC2016-8618"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-019-03486-8","article-title":"Emergy-based life-cycle assessment (Em-LCA) for sustainability assessment: A case study of laser additive manufacturing versus CNC machining","volume":"102","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10012-1151","article-title":"Implant Design and Stress Distribution","volume":"7","author":"Shetty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Implant. Clin. Res."}],"container-title":["BioMedInformatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-7426\/2\/4\/44\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:30:56Z","timestamp":1760146256000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-7426\/2\/4\/44"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["biomedinformatics2040044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedinformatics2040044","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-7426"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2673-7426"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]}}}