{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T04:15:17Z","timestamp":1773116117471,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013276","name":"Interreg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0624_2IQBIONEURO_6_E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0624_2IQBIONEURO_6_E"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013276","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"CAPES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["440605\/2016-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["440605\/2016-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work reports the design of a novel plastic antibody for cystatin C (Cys-C), an acute kidney injury biomarker, and its application in point-of-care (PoC) testing. The synthetic antibody was obtained by tailoring a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) on a carbon screen-printed electrode (SPE). The MIP was obtained by electropolymerizing pyrrole (Py) with carboxylated Py (Py-COOH) in the presence of Cys-C and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Cys-C was removed from the molecularly imprinted poly(Py) matrix (MPPy) by urea treatment. As a control, a non-imprinted poly(Py) matrix (NPPy) was obtained by the same procedure, but without Cys-C. The assembly of the MIP material was evaluated in situ by Raman spectroscopy and the binding ability of Cys-C was evaluated by the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) electrochemical techniques. The MIP sensor responses were measured by the DPV anodic peaks obtained in the presence of ferro\/ferricyanide. The peak currents decreased linearly from 0.5 to 20.0 ng\/mL of Cys-C at each 20 min successive incubation and a limit of detection below 0.5 ng\/mL was obtained at pH 6.0. The MPPy\/SPE was used to analyze Cys-C in spiked serum samples, showing recoveries &lt;3%. This device showed promising features in terms of simplicity, cost and sensitivity for acute kidney injury diagnosis at the point of care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11060175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T03:45:29Z","timestamp":1622432729000},"page":"175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Plastic Antibody of Polypyrrole\/Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes on Screen-Printed Electrodes for Cystatin C Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Rui S.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BioMark@ISEP, School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"BioMark@UC, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4715-000 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Blanca Azucena","family":"Gomez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife-PE 50670-901, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8933-3984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruben","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LaBMI\u2013PORTIC, Laboratory of Medical and Industrial Biotechnology\u2013Porto Research, Technology & Innovation Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4200-472 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S-Institute of Health and Research Innovation, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9936-7336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Goreti F.","family":"Sales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioMark@ISEP, School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"BioMark@UC, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4715-000 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4237-8952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felismina T. C.","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioMark@ISEP, School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4715-000 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8314-4218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa F.","family":"Dutra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife-PE 50670-901, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.17.206441","article-title":"The global burden of kidney disease and the sustainable development goals","volume":"96","author":"Luyckx","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. 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