{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T20:36:18Z","timestamp":1775853378032,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Calouste Gulbenkian","award":["Young Researcher Chemistry Award 2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Young Researcher Chemistry Award 2014"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD\/BD\/109687\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/109687\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The impaired blood flow to the brain causes a decrease in the supply of oxygen that can result in cerebral ischemia; if the blood flow is not restored quickly, neuronal injury or death will occur. Under hypoxic conditions, the production of nitric oxide (\u25cfNO), via the classical L-arginine\u2013\u25cfNO synthase pathway, is reduced, which can compromise \u25cfNO-dependent vasodilation. However, the alternative nitrite (NO2\u2212) reduction to \u25cfNO, under neuronal hypoxia and ischemia conditions, has been viewed as an in vivo storage pool of \u25cfNO, complementing its enzymatic synthesis. Brain research is thus demanding suitable tools to probe nitrite\u2019s temporal and spatial dynamics in vivo. In this work, we propose a new method for the real-time measurement of nitrite concentration in the brain extracellular space, using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) and carbon microfiber electrodes as sensing probes. In this way, nitrite was detected anodically and in vitro, in the 5\u2013500 \u00b5M range, in the presence of increasing physiological concentrations of ascorbate (100\u2013500 \u00b5M). These sensors were then tested for real-time and in vivo recordings in the anesthetized rat hippocampus; using fast electrochemical techniques, local and reproducible transients of nitrite oxidation signals were observed, upon pressure ejection of an exogenous nitrite solution into the brain tissue. Nitrite microsensors are thus a valuable tool for investigating the role of this inorganic anion in brain redox signaling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11080277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T03:43:04Z","timestamp":1629171784000},"page":"277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Microelectrode Sensor for Real-Time Measurements of Nitrite in the Living Brain, in the Presence of Ascorbate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Tiago","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE\u2014Rede de Qu\u00edmica e Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"C\u00e2ndida","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Health Sciences Campus, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"C\u00e1tia F.","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Health Sciences Campus, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7737-4241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Ledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Health Sciences Campus, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui M.","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Health Sciences Campus, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4508-7379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Gabriela","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE\u2014Rede de Qu\u00edmica e Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz, Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Quinta da Granja, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alderton, W.K., Cooper, C.E., and Knowles, R.G. (2001). Nitric oxide synthases: Structure, function and inhibition. Biochem. J., 357.","DOI":"10.1042\/0264-6021:3570593"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800254-4.00006-4","article-title":"Hippocampus and Nitric Oxide","volume":"Volume 96","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vitamins and Hormones: Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2014-0041","article-title":"Nitric oxide synthase in hypoxic or ischemic brain injury","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2748S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2748S","article-title":"Enzymes of the L-Arginine to Nitric Oxide Pathway","volume":"134","author":"Stuehr","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-010-8102-z","article-title":"Reperfusion and Neurovascular Dysfunction in Stroke: From Basic Mechanisms to Potential Strategies for Neuroprotection","volume":"41","author":"Jung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.026","article-title":"Neurovascular-neuroenergetic coupling axis in the brain: Master regulation by nitric oxide and consequences in aging and neurodegeneration","volume":"108","author":"Ledo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2013.04.004","article-title":"The redox interplay between nitrite and nitric oxide: From the gut to the brain","volume":"1","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2466","article-title":"The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway in physiology and therapeutics","volume":"7","author":"Lundberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio734","article-title":"Nitrite is a Signaling Molecule and Regulator of Gene Expression in Mammalian Tissues","volume":"1","author":"Bryan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.03.006","article-title":"A comprehensive time course study of tissue nitric oxide metabolites concentrations after oral nitrite administration","volume":"152","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0695-546","article-title":"Chemical generation of nitric oxide in the mouth from the enterosalivary circulation of dietary nitrate","volume":"1","author":"Duncan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.015","article-title":"Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health","volume":"105","author":"Koch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.06.007","article-title":"Metabolic Effects of Dietary Nitrate in Health and Disease","volume":"28","author":"Lundberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.06.045","article-title":"The Role of Nitrite in Neurovascular Coupling","volume":"1407","author":"Piknova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-9877(95)90194-9","article-title":"The nitric oxide\/ascorbate cycle: How neurones may control their own oxygen supply","volume":"45","author":"Millar","year":"1995","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)02433-6","article-title":"Glutamate stimulates ascorbate transport by astrocytes","volume":"858","author":"Wilson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2015.03.002","article-title":"Coupling of ascorbate and nitric oxide dynamics in vivo in the rat hippocampus upon glutamatergic neuronal stimulation: A novel functional interplay","volume":"114","author":"Ferreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2005.05.010","article-title":"Listening to the brain: Microelectrode biosensors for neurochemicals","volume":"23","author":"Dale","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2554","DOI":"10.1021\/cr068081q","article-title":"Monitoring Rapid Chemical Communication in the Brain","volume":"108","author":"Robinson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/bios4010001","article-title":"Application of a Nitric Oxide Sensor in Biomedicine","volume":"4","author":"Saldanha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vieira, D., McEachern, F., Filippelli, R., Dimentberg, E., Harvey, E.J., and Merle, G. (2020). Microelectrochemical Smart Needle for Real Time Minimally Invasive Oximetry. Biosensors, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios10110157"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Naughton, D.P., Blake, D.R., Benjamin, N., Stevens, C.R., Winyard, P.G., Symone, M.C.R., and Harrison, R. (1997). Human xanthine oxidase converts nitrite ions into nitric oxide (NO). Biochem. Soc. Trans., 25.","DOI":"10.1042\/bst025524s"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3180","DOI":"10.1021\/ac960347d","article-title":"Microelectrodes for the Measurement of Catecholamines in Biological Systems","volume":"68","author":"Cahill","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbosa, R.M., Louren\u00e7o, C.F., Santos, R.M., Pomerleau, F., Huettl, P., Gerhardt, G.A., and Laranjinha, J. (2008). In Vivo Real-Time Measurement of Nitric Oxide in Anesthetized Rat Brain. Methods in Enzymology, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(08)01220-2"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michael, A.C., and Borland, L.M. (2007). Electrochemical Methods for Neuroscience, CRC Press\/Taylor & Francis.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420005868"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1039\/B807563H","article-title":"Carbon-fiber microelectrodes for in vivo applications","volume":"134","author":"Huffman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b04732","article-title":"Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry: Chemical Sensing in the Brain and Beyond","volume":"90","author":"Roberts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6658","DOI":"10.1021\/ac2011729","article-title":"Head-to-Head Comparisons of Carbon Fiber Microelectrode Coatings for Sensitive and Selective Neurotransmitter Detection by Voltammetry","volume":"83","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2008.06.035","article-title":"Microelectrodes for studying neurobiology","volume":"12","author":"Kita","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2738","DOI":"10.1039\/C9AY00055K","article-title":"Frontiers in electrochemical sensors for neurotransmitter detection: Towards measuring neurotransmitters as chemical diagnostics for brain disorders","volume":"11","author":"Ou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, C., Robbins, E.M., Wu, B., and Cui, X.T. (2021). Recent Advances in In Vivo Neurochemical Monitoring. Micromachines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi12020208"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"179","article-title":"Regional Differences in Dopamine Release, Uptake, and Diffusion Measured by Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry BT\u2014Voltammetric Methods in Brain Systems","volume":"Volume 27","author":"Boulton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuromethods"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Si, B., and Song, E. (2018). Recent Advances in the Detection of Neurotransmitters. Chemosensors, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors6010001"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1039\/b909005c","article-title":"Nitric oxide monitoring in brain extracellular fluid: Characterisation of Nafion\u00ae-modified Pt electrodes in vitro and in vivo","volume":"134","author":"Brown","year":"2009","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(02)59176-X","article-title":"Nitric oxide monitoring in hippocampal brain slices using electrochemical methods","volume":"359","author":"Ledo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2008.06.034","article-title":"A comparative study of carbon fiber-based microelectrodes for the measurement of nitric oxide in brain tissue","volume":"24","author":"Santos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5050","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b00224","article-title":"QSoas, A Versatile Software for Data Analysis","volume":"88","author":"Fourmond","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20774","article-title":"In vivo modulation of nitric oxide concentration dynamics upon glutamatergic neuronal activation in the hippocampus","volume":"21","author":"Santos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ledo, A., Louren\u00e7o, C.F., Laranjinha, J., Brett, C.M.A., Gerhardt, G.A., and Barbosa, R.M. (2017). Ceramic-Based Multisite Platinum Microelectrode Arrays: Morphological Characteristics and Electrochemical Performance for Extracellular Oxygen Measurements in Brain Tissue. Anal. Chem.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b03772"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Paxinos, G., and Watson, C. (2007). The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, Academic Press, Elsevier. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2009.04.004","article-title":"A carbon nanotube\/polyvanillin composite film as an electrocatalyst for the electrochemical oxidation of nitrite and its application as a nitrite sensor","volume":"54","author":"Zheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.08.058","article-title":"Amperometric carbon fiber nitrite microsensor for in situ biofilm monitoring","volume":"188","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piela, B., and Wrona, P.K. (2002). Oxidation of Nitrites on Solid Electrodes: I. Determination of the Reaction Mechanism on the Pure Electrode Surface. J. Electrochem. Soc., 149.","DOI":"10.1149\/1.1433751"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(96)00617-8","article-title":"Brain nitrite production during global ischemia and reperfusion: An in vivo microdialysis study","volume":"734","author":"Shibata","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-9140(98)00027-7","article-title":"A novel thin-layer amperometric detector based on chemically modified ring-disc electrode and its application for simultaneous measurements of nitric oxide and nitrite in rat brain combined with in vivo microdialysis","volume":"46","author":"Mao","year":"1998","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(97)01186-2","article-title":"Nitrite\/nitrate balance during photoinduced cerebral ischemia in the rat determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV and electrochemical detection","volume":"798","author":"Rizzo","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0728(99)00191-6","article-title":"Electrocatalytic reduction of nitrite at a carbon fiber microelectrode chemically modified by palladium(II)-substituted Dawson type heptadecatungstodiphosphate","volume":"469","author":"Sun","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.2000.4893","article-title":"Measurement of nitric oxide metabolites in brain microdialysates by a sensitive fluorometric high-performance liquid chromatography assay","volume":"289","author":"Woitzik","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.200305840","article-title":"Determination of nitrate and nitrite in rat brain perfusates by capillary electrophoresis","volume":"25","author":"Gao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1998.71051969.x","article-title":"Differential Release of Dopamine by Nitric Oxide in Subregions of Rat Caudate Putamen Slices","volume":"71","author":"Iravani","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2018.01.009","article-title":"Simultaneous measurements of ascorbate and glutamate in vivo in the rat brain using carbon fiber nanocomposite sensors and microbiosensor arrays","volume":"121","author":"Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2007.03.019","article-title":"Simultaneous voltammetric detection of dopamine and uric acid at their physiological level in the presence of ascorbic acid using poly(acrylic acid)-multiwalled carbon-nanotube composite-covered glassy-carbon electrode","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0728(00)00335-1","article-title":"Electroanalysis of ascorbate and dopamine at a gold electrode modified with a positively charged self-assembled monolayer","volume":"496","author":"Raj","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6559","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0705871","article-title":"Carbon Nanotube-Modified Carbon Fiber Microelectrodes for In Vivo Voltammetric Measurement of Ascorbic Acid in Rat Brain","volume":"79","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37128","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.245100","article-title":"Vitamin C Degradation Products and Pathways in the Human Lens","volume":"286","author":"Nemet","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(99)01543-X","article-title":"Ascorbate regulation and its neuroprotective role in the brain","volume":"23","author":"Rice","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-2199-9_6","article-title":"Vitamin C Transport and Its Role in the Central Nervous System","volume":"Volume 56","author":"Stanger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Subcellular Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6738-0_87","article-title":"Measurement of the Nitric Oxide Metabolites Nitrate and Nitrite in the Human Brain by Microdialysis","volume":"Volume 81","author":"Goodman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Intracranial Pressure and Brain Biochemical Monitoring"}],"container-title":["Biosensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/11\/8\/277\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:45:16Z","timestamp":1760165116000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/11\/8\/277"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["bios11080277"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios11080277","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]]}}}