{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T14:31:47Z","timestamp":1771338707132,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-028178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-028178"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/145427\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/145427\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020.03113.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.03113.CEECIND"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020.00215.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.00215.CEECIND"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite being preventable and treatable, malaria still puts almost half of the world\u2019s population at risk. Thus, prompt, accurate and sensitive malaria diagnosis is crucial for disease control and elimination. Optical microscopy and immuno-rapid tests are the standard malaria diagnostic methods in the field. However, these are time-consuming and fail to detect low-level parasitemia. Biosensors and lab-on-a-chip devices, as reported to different applications, usually offer high sensitivity, specificity, and ease of use at the point of care. Thus, these can be explored as an alternative for malaria diagnosis. Alongside malaria infection inside the human red blood cells, parasites consume host hemoglobin generating the hemozoin crystal as a by-product. Hemozoin is produced in all parasite species either in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Furthermore, hemozoin crystals are produced as the parasites invade the red blood cells and their content relates to disease progression. Hemozoin is, therefore, a unique indicator of infection, being used as a malaria biomarker. Herein, the so-far developed biosensors and lab-on-a-chip devices aiming for malaria detection by targeting hemozoin as a biomarker are reviewed and discussed to fulfil all the medical demands for malaria management towards elimination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12020110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T05:14:43Z","timestamp":1644556483000},"page":"110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Review of Microdevices for Hemozoin-Based Malaria Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Vit\u00f3ria","family":"Baptista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microelectromechanical Systems Research Unit (CMEMS-UMinho), School of Engineering, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, 4806-909 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, 4806-909 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7984-9319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weng Kung","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Building A1, University Innovation Park, Dongguan 523808, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2460-0556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gra\u00e7a","family":"Minas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microelectromechanical Systems Research Unit (CMEMS-UMinho), School of Engineering, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, 4806-909 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2205-8102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Isabel","family":"Veiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, 4806-909 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8962-0710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana O.","family":"Catarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microelectromechanical Systems Research Unit (CMEMS-UMinho), School of Engineering, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, 4806-909 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020). 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