{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T18:40:49Z","timestamp":1775760049683,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/NAN-OPT\/31311\/2017;"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/NAN-OPT\/31311\/2017;"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/QUI-QIN\/29778\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/QUI-QIN\/29778\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aiming to develop a nanoparticle-based optical biosensor using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) synthesized using green methods and supported by carbon-based nanomaterials, we studied the role of carbon derivatives in promoting AuNPs localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), as well as their morphology, dispersion, and stability. Carbon derivatives are expected to work as immobilization platforms for AuNPs, improving their analytical performance. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were prepared using an eco-friendly approach in a single step by reduction of HAuCl4\u00b73H2O using phytochemicals (from tea) which act as both reducing and capping agents. UV\u2013Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), zeta potential (\u03b6-potential), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the AuNPs and nanocomposites. The addition of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) resulted in greater dispersion of AuNPs on the rGO surface compared with carbon-based nanomaterials used as a support. Differences in morphology due to the nature of the carbon support were observed and are discussed here. AuNPs\/rGO seem to be the most promising candidates for the development of LSPR biosensors among the three composites we studied (AuNPs\/G, AuNPs\/GO, and AuNPs\/rGO). Simulations based on the Mie scattering theory have been used to outline the effect of the phytochemicals on LSPR, showing that when the presence of the residuals is limited to the formation of a thin capping layer, the quality of the plasmonic resonance is not affected. A further discussion of the application framework is presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12030163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]],"date-time":"2022-03-06T20:35:50Z","timestamp":1646598950000},"page":"163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Effect of Graphene vs. Reduced Graphene Oxide in Gold Nanoparticles for Optical Biosensors\u2014A Comparative Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ana P. G.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, ISEL, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1949-014 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4060-1057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabete C. B. A.","family":"Alegria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, ISEL, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1949-014 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9938-0351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Fantoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Eletr\u00f3nica e Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es e de Computadores, ISEL, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1949-014 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Tecnologias e Sistemas, UNINOVA, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, 2829-517 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6784-6540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M.","family":"Ferraria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iBB\u2014Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3131-4219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M. Botelho","family":"do Rego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iBB\u2014Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4323-4328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana P. 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